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Immunology
Microbiology Immunology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| innate immunity | the set of defenses that are not specific to a particular microbe |
| adaptive immunity | the set of defenses that have to learn targets by first encountering them |
| What does the innate immune system consist of? | physical barriers like the mucosa and skin; cellular defenses like leukocytes; and chemical defenses like the pH of the skin and stomach, salt in tears and sweat, granules that are produced by granulocytes, lysozymes, and interferons |
| What is the cell envelope of a Gram - bacteria made of? | LPS (lipopolysaccharide) |
| What is the cell envelope of a Gram + bacteria madwe of? | teichoic acids |
| What is a bacterial cell wall made of? | peptidoglycan |
| What are the main types of leukocytes? | granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells) and macrocytes and macrophages |
| How do leukocytes handle pathogens? | phagocytosis |
| What is an interferon? | a group of chemicals within the innate immune system that make host cells harder to be infected intracellularly; effective for viruses but not bacterial infections |
| neutrophil | a type of granulocyte that is responsible for hunting down and eating bacteria or small intruders; most common leukocyte in the blood; releases a granule while eating bacteria to kill said bacteria |
| eosinophil | a type of granulocyte (leukocyte) that fights parasites by degranulating toxic components that are known to wreck eukaryotic tissues |
| basophils and mast cells | types of granulocytes that trigger histamine and heparins to be released |
| What is the difference between a basophil and a mast cell? | Basophils are found in the blood and mast cells are in tissues. |
| What are macrocytes and macrophages? | part of the innate immune system that would eat larger intruders |
| What is the difference between macrocytes and macrophages? | Macrocytes are in the blood and macrophages are in tissues. |
| What is the difference between a macrophage and a basophil? | A basophil is a granulocyte, which releases some sort of chemical in response to a pathogen, and a macrophage eats the intruder without releasing anything. |
| Why would a pathogen want to become an intracellular pathagen? | Being inside a human cell will protect the pathogens from the immune system. |
| What are the steps for an inflammatory response? | Tissue damage or presence of pathogens -> mast cells or basophils release histamine for vasodilation and blood vessel permeability and heparin to prevent blood clotting -> extravasation of blood and cells causes swelling, redness, heat |
| What are the cardinal signs of an inflammation response? | pain, heat, redness, swelling, loss of function |
| What is a pyrogen? | a chemical that is either made by the innate immune system or pathogens as a way to increase temperature within the human body to then cause fever |
| What makes up the adaptive immune system? | T-cells and B-cells |
| What are the two immune responses caused by the adaptive immune system? | humoral and cytotoxic immune responses |
| humoral immune response | antibodies target any extracellular pathogens or intracellular pathogens that have temporarily left a host cell |
| What are the steps for a humoral immune response caused by the adaptive immune system? | helper T-cells and B-cells learn an antigen -> helper T-cells activate B-cells -> B-cells make antibodies to target that antigen |
| What are the three ways an antibody can fight an antigen? | neutralization, agglutination, and precipitation |
| neutralization | when an antigen's function is disrupted by the antibody grabbing onto it to then prevent it from binding to its proper target |
| agglutination | the act of clumping antigens together to prevent them from infecting the host and allowing phagocytic cells to notice them |
| precipitation | clumping small molecules (not cells) to prevent them from dissolving in water and functioning; useful for toxins |
| active immunity | body produces its own antibodies |
| passive immunity | body receives antibodies from something else; short-term immunity |
| artificial immunity | directly involved with the healthcare system in some way |
| natural immunity | does not involve the healthcare system in any way |
| What are the four types of immunity? | active, passive, natural, artificial |
| natural active immunity | when an infected person makes their own antibodies to defeat the infection |
| natural passive immunity | when a person natural receives temporary antibodies from another person (ie: breastfeeding) |
| artificial passive immunity | when you are given antibodies like anti-toxins and immunoglobulins to treat the microbes themselves |
| artificial active immunity | when a person is given an antigen to then stimulate long-term production of antibodies; vaccines |
| What are the different types of vaccines? | live-attenuated, inactivated, antigen |
| What is the cytotoxic immune response caused by the adaptive immune system? | cytotoxic T-cells will order an infected host cell to hit the "self-destruct button" |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| When looking at an infection graph, what would it mean if the symptoms resolve about 2 weeks after the infection? | either the adaptive immune system has learned the pathogen and began creating antibodies or the innate immune system would be involved |
| What are your "memory cells"? | T-cells and B-cells |
| When looking at an infection graph, what would be the latent phase? | when the infected host starts to show signs of healing due to the microbe becoming dormant |
| When looking at an infection graph, what is the prodromal phase? | when the pathogen is starting to do damage but the symptoms are vague |
| infectious disease | when the pathogen is growing and reproducing in or on the host |
| contagious disease | when the pathogen is easily spread from host to host |
| communicable disease | when the pathogen can be spread from host to host |
Created by:
geasmith
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