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PSY 365 Lecture 8
Creativity of Art
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Romantic, Mystical View: "Creativity is a magical inner spirit" | fueled by muses or demons, it just hits you, and you can't train for it, can only do it alone in a studio or lab, and is spoiled by learning |
| The Mystical View is a Myth | top creators work in teams, train hard, and study the work of the people who came before them |
| Key Questions in Creativity | 1. what or who does the term creative apply to? 2. What does creativity even mean? |
| Creative Projects or People? | -Hayes: top American poet. His contributions to form are highly regarded (the American sonnet0 -Bukowski: had huge sales and tons of fans; punk poet. Simple, plain speech, crude themes. Poet's think he is not good -"Love is"- novel for who created it |
| 3 of the Four Ps (Runco, 2004) | -Product -Person -Process -Place |
| Product | the work is creative- a product or object |
| Person | the creator is creative- producing creative products or being original |
| Process | the method used in creating is innovative |
| Place | a group or culture is creative -an object is not creative in a vacuum, often builds on others' work |
| Creative accomplishments cluster in | time periods, cultures, and locations -Some reasons: funding and appreciation of a society, good artists make good art teachers, and inspire communities, and traditions blending; closure of other avenues |
| Disagreement and Agreement | there are many creative people, and their products are hard to compare -but experts usually agree to some degree who is great, very good, and mediocre |
| Big C Creative= | masterworks -usually judged by other experts in the area, or by an appreciative of culture -Genius definition of creativity |
| Little C Creative= | more novel and interesting thoughts than other people -usually just compared to others in the general population -Psychometric definition of creativity |
| Definition 1: Intentional Novelty | a person deliberately makes something new for that person -Many things are creative by this definition: new recipes, scrapbooks -very little C oriented |
| Definition 2: Novel and Appropriate | something must be new to the group doing the judging and must fit the goal, purpose, or function of the act -must meet some standard of usefulness |
| Getrude Stein's Tender Buttons | creative by "language arts" standards -uncreative by "conventional narrative" standard |
| Novel/Appropriate: 2 dimensions | -Divergent: its different (novel) -Convergent: but it fits (appropriate) -these are judgments |
| Definition 3: Novel and Socially Valuable | must be deemed valuable (good, useful) by a culture, very economic approach -no "secret" creativity that only the experts have |
| Conclusion: Pluralism of Definition | Creativity is one word with many meanings -depends on the aspects of creativity you are interested in -may be connections between everyday creativity on the one hand and genius on the other hand, or they may be different |
| Individual Differences Psychology | assumes people have traits that describe their general tendencies -everyone has a trait, but some have more -its normally distributed in the population -the Bell Curve (stats psych) |
| Trait Validity | traits relate to things that they ought to relate to -Extraversion -working memory capacity -what should creativity relate to? creative achievements, eminence |
| Extraversion | predict things like spending time with people, talking a lot, and avoiding "alone time" |
| Working Memory Capacity | predicts task-switching use of complex strategies, and reading comprehension |
| Trait Reliability | if you take the test twice, you should get the same answer |
| 2 Psychometric Approaches | =The personality approach -the cognitive approach |
| The Personality approach | treats the trait as a "personality syndrome" that is related to "openness to experience, adventuresomeness, and self-confidence" (Torrance, 1979) |
| The cognitive approach | assumes there are cognitive abilities that creative people are better at |
| Using Personality Scales: Self-Report Scales | use questions that are correlated to produce a reliable (that is, reproducible) score Rated on a Likert Scale: 1 2 3 4 5 |
| Checklists: The CAQ (The Creative Achievement Questionnaire) | assumes creative people do more creative things -10 categories like visual arts, dance, architecture, music, science, culinary arts, film, etc. |
| Creative Activity and Accomplishment Check (CAAC) | -Runco's (2011) alternative to the CAQ -Did you do it never, once, or more than once? |
| Cognitive Approach: 2 major types | Convergent thinking and divergent thinking |
| Convergent Thinking | measures the ability to see a solution that is insightful and clever, but that solves a puzzle |
| Divergent Thinking | measures the ability to "be different" from others and avoid the obvious -Torrance Tests the most common way to measure these |
| Tests of Convergent Thinking | Usually, these are insight puzzles like the "9 dot problem"- draw only 4 lines, don't take pen off paper, and connect all the dots -Remote Associates task: find a word that fits with all 3 of these words |
| Tests of Divergent Thinking | -ability to create original ideas -no "correct" answers -avoid, obvious, easy ideas |
| DT: Alternate Uses | list all the different ways you could use a box |
| DT: Instances | name all of the round things you can think of |
| DT: Similarities | list all the ways in which milk and meat are alike |
| DT: Implications | imagine that every person on Earth shrank to 12 inches. What are some implications of that? |
| Scoring DT Tests | Fluency and Originality -DT tests require problem solving: inhibiting obvious responses |
| Fluency | the number of ideas |
| Originality | the novelty, coolness of the ideas, 2 ways.. -Absolute Originality -Originality Scores |
| Absolute Originality | an idea no one else had |
| Originality Scores | raters score originality on a 1 to 5 scale |
| IQ Only Modestly Related: Wallach and Kogan (1965) did 10 creativity measures and 10 measure of intelligence and academic achievement | -found r=0.9 -Kim (2005) meta-analysis: r=.17 -a rather modest relationship |
| Why Would IQ Help? | Nusbaum and Siliva (2011) found high IQ predicted coming up with more strategies in divergent thinking -IQ and DT are different, but being smart may help |
| Do Divergent Thinking Tasks Measure Anything? Torrance Tests | reported test-retest reliability from 0.59 to 0.97, which is good -taking the test twice gives the same answer |
| Reliability and Validity Over Time? From Childhood to Adulthood (Plucker, 1999) | measure DT in elementary school -22 years later, measure creative achievement as an adult -r=.60 (good correlation) |
| Relating Divergent Thinking and CAQ: Carson et al. (2005) found CAQ and DT correlated around r=0.40 in their Harvard Study. Said Metwaly et al. (2024) meta-analysis: d=.18 for DT predicting CAQ. It doesn't always pan out: | Silvia, Nusbaum, and Beaty (2017)- DT -both originality and number of responses -Responses from memory or generate new on the spot -nothing correlated with CAQ |
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