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PSYC 1113 Ch. 6
PSYC 1113 Ch. 5 (Bansal)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Encoding specificity principle | information present at the time of encoding or learning tends to be effective as a retrieval cue |
| Context-dependent memory | the process of recalling information in the same context in which it was learned |
| Autobiographical memory | a special form of episodic memory, consisting of a person’s recollections of their life experiences. |
| Reminiscence bump: | the phenomenon whereby adults remember more events from the second and third decades of life than from other decades |
| Flashbulb memory | the memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events |
| Motivated forgetting | forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety-laden that remembering it is intolerable |
| hermann ebbinghaus | conducted research on forgetting. relied on nonsense syllables |
| Interference theory | people forget not just because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way |
| Proactive interference | material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later |
| Retroactive interference | material that was learned later disrupts the recall of material that was learned earlier. |
| Decay theory | when an individual learns something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trade disintegrates |
| Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon | a type of effortful retrieval associated with feeling that we know something but cannot quite pull it out of memory |
| Retrospective memory | remembering information from the past. |
| Prospective memory | remembering information about doing something in the future; includes memory for intentions |
| Time-based prospective memory | is an intention to engage in a behavior after a specified amount of time. |
| Event-based prospective memory | is an intention to engage in the behavior when an external event or cue elicits it. |
| Amnesia | the loss of memory. |
| Anterograde amnesia | a memory disorder that affects the retention of new information and events. |
| Retrograde amnesia | memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events |
| Memory | the retention of information or experience over time. Memory is the result of three key processes: |
| Encoding: | the process by which information gets into memory storage. |
| Divided attention | concentrating on more than one activity at the same time. |
| Sustained attention | the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time. |
| Executive attention | directing attention to engage in higher-level cognitive functioning. |
| Levels of processing | a continuum of memory processing from shallow to deep. Deeper processing produces better memory. |
| Elaboration: | the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at a given level of memory encoding |
| Storage: | the retention of information over time and how this information is represented in memory. |
| Atkinson-Shiffrin theory | memory storage involves three separate systems. |
| Sensory memory | time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds. |
| Short-term memory | limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 sections unless strategies are used to retain it longer. range of 7 ± 2 items. |
| Long-term memory | stores huge amounts of information for a long time. Explicit or implicit |
| Sensory memory | involves holding information from thew world in its original sensory form, for only an instant. |
| Echoic memory | auditory sensory memory. |
| Iconic memory | visual sensory memory. |
| Chunking | grouping or “packing” information into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units. part of short term memory |
| Rehearsal | the conscious repetition of information. associated with short term memory |
| Working memory | a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow individuals to hold information temporarily as they perform cognitive tasks. |
| Phonological loop | briefly stores speech-based information; consists of an acoustic code and rehearsal. |
| Visual-spatial sketchpad | functions independently of the phonological loop |
| Central executive | integrates information from the phonological loop, the visual-spatial sketchpad, and long-term memory. |
| Explicit memory | the conscious recollection of information that can be verbally communicated. |
| Implicit memory | memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience. |
| Episodic memory | information about the where, when, and what of life’s happenings. (Explicit memory) |
| Semantic memory | : knowledge about the world. (Explicit memory) |
| Procedural memory | memory for skills. implicit |
| Priming | the activation of information already in storage, to help remember new information better and faster. implicit |
| Schema | a preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information. |
| Script | a schema for an event, often containing information about physical features, people, and typical occurrences |
| Connectionism | the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons. |
| Nodes | the interconnected locations of neural activity |
| Consolidation: | the process by which interconnected networks are formed. |
| Retrieval | the memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage. |
| Serial position effect | the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle. |
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