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PSY 311 Ch. 6
Book notes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Research strategy | a general approach to research determined by the kind of question that the research study hopes to answer |
| Descriptive research strategy | involves measuring a variable or sets as they exist naturally to produce a description of individual variables as they exist within a specific group, but does not describe or explain relationship between variables |
| correlational research strategy | simply measures 2 variables for each individual and produces the kind of data in which each variable is measured with numerical scores |
| experimental research strategy | attempts to establish the cause and effect relationship between 2 variables by manipulating one variable while measuring the second variable and controlling all other variables |
| quasi-experimental research strategy | try to evaluate the impact of a treatment or intervention without randomly assigning participants groups or conditions. You take advantage of existing groups or conditions, then you look at the outcomes to see if the intervention seems to make difference |
| nonexperimental research strategy | intended to demonstrate a relationship between variables, but does not explain the relationship. -does not use rigor and control -not produce cause and effect explanations -measures only 1 variable for each individual |
| Determining a research design requires decisions about 3 basic aspects of the research study: | 1. group vs. individual 2. same individuals vs. different individuals 3. the number of variables to be included |
| Research procedure | the exact, step by step description of a specific study. -exactly how the variables will be manipulated, regulated and measured -how many people involved -how the people or subjects will proceed through the course of the study |
| T-tests and analysis of variance | are used to evaluate mean differences |
| chi-square tests are used to | compare proportions |
| correlational studies do not involve | comparing different groups of scores, it measures 2 different variables for each individual in a single group and then looks for patterns within the set of scores |
| Descriptive studies | are intended to summarize single variables for a specific group of individuals |
| which of the following can be addressed with the descriptive strategy? | what is the average number of text messages that a typical adolescent sends in a month? |
| A research study attempts to describe the relationship between self-esteem and birth order position by measuring self-esteem for each individual in a group of first-born boys and then a group of later-born boy. Which research strategy is being used? | Nonexperimental |
| External validity | the extent to which we can generalize the results of a research study to people, settings, times, measures, and characteristics other than those used in that study |
| A threat to external validity is | any characteristic of a study that limits the ability to generalize the results from a research study |
| 3 different kinds of generalization that can involve threats to external validity: | 1. generalization from a sample to the general population. 2. generalization from one research study to another 3. generalization from a research study to a real-world situation |
| Internal validity | the extent to which a research study produces a single, unambiguous explanation for the relationship between 2 variables |
| a threat to internal validity is | any factor that allows for an alternative explanation -ex: weather |
| Threats to External Validity, Category 1: Generalizing across participants or subjects | 1. Selection bias 2. college students 3. volunteer bias 4. participants characteristics 5. cross-species generalizations |
| Selection bias | the sampling procedure favors the selection of some individuals over others |
| volunteer bias | volunteers are not perfectly representative of the general population |
| participant characteristics | who share similar characteristics |
| cross-species generalizations | humans vs. animals |
| Threats to External Validity, Category II: Generalizing across features of a study | 1. Novelty effect 2. Multiple treatment interference 3. Experimenter Characteristics |
| Novelty Effect | occurs when individuals perceive and respond differently than they would in the normal, real world |
| Multiple treatment interference | when participants are exposed to more than one treatment and their responses are affected by an earlier treatment -Ex: fatigue and practice |
| Threats to External Validity, Category III: Generalizing across features of the measures | 1. Sensitization 2. Generality across response measures 3. Time of measurement |
| Sensitization | when the assessment procedure alters participants so that they react differently to treatment than they would in the real world when the treatment is used without assessment -occurs in studies that use self-monitoring as a means of measuring scores |
| A journal article reports that a new teaching strategy is very effective for 1st-grade students. A teacher wonders if the same strategy would be effective for a class of 3rd-grade students. What is the teacher questioning? | the external validity of the report |
| Threats to Internal Validity | Extraneous variables -confounding variable (individual differences, environmental, and time-related) |
| Confounding Variable | is an extraneous variable (unmonitored) that changes systemically along with the two variables being studies. -provides an alternative explanation for the observed relationship between the two variables and, therefore, is a threat to internal validity |
| Time-Related Variables | threats for designs that compare one group over time: any variable that changes over time and influences the participants differently in one treatment than in another -Ex: practice or fatigue |
| What aspect of a study is threatened if the participants are tested in one treatment condition at one time and then tested in a second treatment condition at a different time? | Internal validity |
| Experimenter bias threatens | external validity |
| Demand characteristics and participant reactivity threatens | internal and external validity |
| In particular, researchers often exaggerate the differences between treatment condition to | increase the chance that the scores obtained in one treatment are noticeably different from the scores obtained in another treatment -Ex: compare 70 to 90 degrees, temp. difference |
| Experimental research tends to be | rigorously controlled and monitored, and therefore, has high internal validity |
| Quasi-experimental studies attempt to mimic the control of true experiments, which helps | internal validity, and tend to take place in applied, real-world situations, which helps external validity |
| Cues given to participants about how they are expected to behave define what? | demand characteristics |
| Experimental research studies tend to have very _____ internal validity but often have ______ external validity. | high; low |
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