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Chapter 7
Learners with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Conduct disorder | A behavioral and emotional disorder in children and teens, characterized by persistent, antisocial actions that violate societal norms and the rights of others |
| Strauss syndrome | An autoimmune disease-causing inflammation of small-to-medium-sized blood vessels, typically affecting people with a history of asthma, allergies or sinusitis |
| Cerebral palsy | A condition that's characterized by brain damage that results in impairments in movement |
| Minimal brain injury | Children of average intelligence who were inattentive, impulsive, and/or hyperactive |
| Hyperactive child syndrome | A common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, impulsivity, and excessive activity that interfere with daily functioning |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals that help in the sending of messages between neurons in the brain |
| Dopamine | A neurotransmitter and hormone produced in the brain that acts as a chemical messenger, driving reward-motivated behavior, pleasure, memory, focus, and motor control |
| Norepinephrine | A neurotransmitter and hormone that is responsible for the body's fight-or-flight response |
| Family studies | An interdisciplinary social science examining the dynamics, structures, and functions of families, focusing on relationships, individual development, and social interactions |
| Twin studies | A foundational tool in behavioral genetics and epidemiology |
| Molecular genetic studies | Analyze the structure, function, and regulation of genes at the molecular level |
| Molecular genetics | A branch of biology and medicine that investigates the structure, function, and expression of genes at a molecular level |
| Toxins | Agents that can result in a host of problems, such as headaches, poor memory, and even intellectual disability |
| Executive functioning (EF) | A term used to describe a number of processes involved in controlling and regulating behavior |
| Inattention | Being easily distracted, missing details, forgetting things, and frequently switching from one activity to another |
| Hyperactivity | Fidgeting and squirming in their seats, talking nonstop, difficulty doing quiet tasks or activities |
| Impulsivity | Blurt out inappropriate comments, be very impatient, and acting without regard for consequences |
| Behavioral inhabition | Involves the ability to delay a response; interrupt an ongoing response |
| Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) | Refers to a constellation of behaviors such as staring into space, feeling drowsy during the day, losing one's train of thoughts, getting lost in one's thoughts, tiring easily, forgetting what one was going to say, feeling confused, or spacing out |
| Adaptive behavior skills | Self-help, community living skills, and daily living skills |
| Accidental injuries | Preventable, unforeseen events causing physical harm |
| Sleep disturbance | Difficulty going to sleep, restless sleep, inconsistent sleep-wake patterns, and nightmares |
| Functional behavioral assessment (FBA) | An important tool for teachers to use with students with emotional or behavioral disorders |
| Contingency-based self-management | Involves having people keep track of their own behavior and then receive consequences, often in the form of rewards |
| The role of reinforcement | To increase the likelihood that a specific behavior will be reported or strengthened |
| Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) | To determine students' responsiveness to RTI |
| Psychostimulants | Stimulate or activate neurological functioning that is a medication prescribed for ADHD |
| Strattera | Non-stimulant, prescription medication used to treat ADHD in children and adults |
| Ritalin | A brand-name prescription drug in the central nervous system stimulant class, used primarily to treat ADHD and narcolepsy |
| Adderall | A combination medication of amphetamine salts, primarily used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy by increasing dopamine and norepinephrine levels |
| Vyvanse | A prescription, long-acting stimulant used to treat ADHD |
| Paradoxical effect of ritalin | Calming, sleepy, or reduced hyperactivity in individuals with ADHD, rather than the expected alertness |
| Effectiveness | The capability of producing a desired, intended, or expected result to meet goals, regardless of the resources used |
| Nonresponders and side effects | Insomnia, reduction in appetite, abdominal pain, headaches, and irritability |
| Drug/substance abuse | Harmful or hazardous consumption of psychoactive substances |
| Drug misuse | The use of a substance for a purpose not consistent with legal or medical guidelines |
| Mind-wandering | The shift of attention from tasks to internal, self-generated thoughts |
| College | Postsecondary education |
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