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Social Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Conformity | The process by which individuals adjust their thoughts, feelings, or behavior to align with those of a group, as a result of real or imagined group pressure |
| Normative Social Influence | The influence to conform to the positive expectations of others, driven by the desire to be liked or accepted by the group |
| Social Norms | Unwritten rules that dictate acceptable behavior within a society or group, influencing how individuals act and interact |
| Relative Deprivation | A feeling of dissatisfaction or injustice experienced when individuals compare themselves to others and perceive that they are worse off |
| Upward Social Comparison | Comparing oneself to others who are perceived to be better off or more skilled, can motivate self-improvement but can decrease self-esteem |
| Downward Social Comparison | Comparing oneself to others who are perceived to be worse off or less skilled, which can boost self-esteem but foster complacency |
| Informational Social Influence | The influence to accept information from others as evidence about reality, often occurring in situations where the correct action or belief is uncertain (rumors) |
| Obedience | The act of following direct commands, usually from an authoritory figure, even if they contradict personal beliefs or morals |
| Social Facilitation | The tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others, typically showing improved performance on simple or well-practiced tasks and worse performance on complex or new tasks |
| Group Polarization | When people in a group talk about an idea, they often end up agreeing even more strongly, making their group opinion more extreme |
| Groupthink | The desire for harmony or conformity in a group leads to irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcomes. Suppress dissenting opinions, leading to loss of creativity and responsibility |
| Bystander Effect | The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present |
| Diffusion of Responsibility | The tendency for individuals to feel less responsible for taking action or helping in a situation when others are present, leading to a decrease in the likelihood of intervention |
| Social Loafing | The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group |
| Deindividuation | Psychological state where individuals lose their self-awareness and sense of individuality in group settings, often leading to impulsive and deviant behavior |
| Attribution Theory | Explains how people decide whether someone's behavior is caused by their personality or their situation |
| Dispositional Attributions | Assuming a person's actions are due to their personality, not their situation |
| Situational Attributions | Assuming a person's actions are due to their circumstances, not their personality |
| Explanatory Style | How a person usually explains the reasons behind events- whether they blame themselves or outside factors |
| Optimistic Explanatory Style | The habit of explaining good things as likely to happen again and bad things as one-time events |
| Pessimistic Explanatory Style | The habit of explaining bad things as likely to happen again and good things as one-time events |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | The tendency to blame people's actions more on their personality and less on their situation |
| Actor-Observer Bias | The habit of blaming our own actions on the situation but blaming others people's actions on their personality |
| Self-Serving Bias | The tendency to attribute one's successes to personal characteristics and failures to external factors, enhancing one's self-esteem |
| Internal Locus of Control | The belief that one's own actions and decisions directly influence the outcomes and events in their life |
| External Locus of Control | The belief that outcomes and events are determined by external forces or fate rather than one's own actions |
| Altruism | The selfless concern for the well-being of others, leading to behavior that benefits others at a personal cost |
| Social Responsibility Norm | The societal expectation that people should help others who need assistance, without regard to future exchanges |
| Confirmation Bias | Tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs |
| Belief Perseverance | The tendency to hold on to one's initial beliefs even after they have been shown to be false, often ignoring contradictory evidence presented |
| Self-Fulfilling Prophecy | When a belief about a situation or a person leads to actions that make the belief come true |
| Discrimination | Negative behavior toward a prejudice |
| Implicit Attitudes | Unconscious beliefs or feelings that influence a person's behavior and perceptions without their awareness |
| Just-World Phenomenon | A belief that the world is fundamentally fair, leading people to rationalize injustice as deserved |
| Out-Group Homogeneity Bias | The tendency to see members of an outgroup as more similar to each other than they really are |
| In-Group Bias | The tendency to favor and extend loyalty to members of one's own group over those in other groups, often leading to preferential treatment and judgment |
| Mere Exposure Effect | The phenomenon where repeated exposure to a stimulus increases an individual's preference for a stimulus |
| Ethnocentrism | The belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture, often accompanied by a feeling of contempt for other groups |
| Collectivism | A cultural value that emphasizes the importance of the group or community over individuals goals and desires, prioritizing group cohesion and interdependence |
| Multiculturalism | The view that promotes the acknowledgement and respect of diverse cultural backgrounds and traditions, encouraging the coexistence and value of various cultural identities within a society |
| Superordinate Goals | Shared goals that require cooperation among individuals or groups, typically overriding smaller or individual conflicts and fostering collaborative efforts |
| Social Traps | Situations in which individuals or groups pursue immediate rewards that later prove to have negative or even catastrophic consequences for the larger community |
| Elaboration Likelihood Model | A theory that describes how people process persuasive messages |
| Central Route of Persuasion | A method of persuasion that involves deeply engaging with the content of a message, leading to careful analysis and thoughtful consideration, typically resulting in more durable attitude change |
| Peripheral Route of Persuasion | A method of persuasion that relies on superficial cues such as attractiveness or credibility of the speaker, rather than the actual content of the message, leading to temporary attitude changes |
| Halo Effect | The cognitive bias where a positive impression in one area leading to positive evaluations in other areas |
| Foot-in-the-Door Technique | A persuasive strategy where agreement to a small, initial request increases the likelihood of compliance with larger, subsequent request |
| Door-in-the-Face Technique | A persuasion where a large, initial request is made knowing it will be refused, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request that is more likely to be accepted |
| False Consensus Effect | A cognitive bias where people overestimate how much others agree with their own beliefs, behaviors, and attitudes |
| Cognitive Dissonance | A psychological discomfort experienced when simultaneously holding conflicting beliefs, attitudes, or values often leading to an alteration in one of the beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort |
| Industrial-Organization (I/O) Psychologists | Psychologists who apply psychological principles and research methods to the workplace to improve productivity, select and improve employees. |
Created by:
o.t.2001
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