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cell vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell | Cells are the tiny, basic building blocks of all living things, including plants, animals, and people. |
| Osmosis | Osmosis is the spontaneous passive transport of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration (hypotonic) to a region of higher solute concentration (hypertonic). |
| Cell Theory | The cell theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells. |
| Cell Wall | A cell wall is a rigid or semi-rigid, non-living structural layer surrounding the cell membrane in plants, fungi, bacteria, algae, and some archaea. |
| Cell Membrane | Plasma Membrane: Structure, Composition, FunctionsThe cell membrane (plasma membrane) is a selectively permeable lipid bilayer that acts as a barrier, protecting the cell interior while regulating the entry and exit of molecules. |
| Nucleus | the control center of a eukaryotic cell or the dense center of an atom. |
| Organelle | An organelle is a specialized, often membrane-bound, subunit within a cell that performs specific functions essential for the cell's survival, growth, and reproduction. |
| Ribosome | A ribosome is a complex cellular machine, composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins, that serves as the primary site for protein synthesis (translation) in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. |
| Nucleic Acid | Nucleic acids are large, naturally occurring macromolecules—specifically polynucleotides—that function as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells, directing protein synthesis and storing genetic information |
| Selectively Permeable | a biological barrier, such as a cell membrane, that allows only certain ions and molecules to pass through while restricting others. |
| Cytoplasm | the jelly-like, viscous substance filling the interior of a cell, bounded by the plasma membrane. |
| Mitochondria | specialized, double-membrane-bound organelles found in the cytoplasm of nearly all eukaryotic cells, commonly known as the "powerhouses" of the cell. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | a vital, continuous membrane network of sacs (cisternae) and tubules within eukaryotic cells that synthesizes, folds, and transports proteins and lipids. |
| Golgi Apparatus | a membrane-bound eukaryotic organelle composed of stacked, flattened sacs called cisternae. |
| Chloroplast | a specialized, double-membrane organelle (a type of plastid) found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conducts photosynthesis. |
| Lysosome | Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells that function as the primary digestive and recycling center. |
| DNA | the molecule carrying hereditary instructions for the development, function, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. |
| Passive Transport | automatic movement of molecules across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration (down the concentration gradient) without using cellular energy |
| Active Transport | the energy-dependent process in life science where cells move ions, molecules, or substances across a membrane against a concentration gradient—from areas of low concentration to high concentration. |
| Diffusion | the passive, natural movement of molecules or particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, driven by random molecular motion until equilibrium is reached. |
| Tissue | a group of structurally similar cells, along with their intercellular matrix, that work together to perform a specific function in multicellular organisms |
| Organ | a specialized structure composed of different types of tissues that work together to perform specific functions within a multicellular organism. |
| Organ System | a group of anatomically related organs and tissues that work together to perform complex, specialized, and, in many cases, major bodily functions, such as circulation, respiration, or digestion. |
| Endocytosis | an active transport process in which eukaryotic cells internalize extracellular materials—such as nutrients, fluids, or pathogens—by engulfing them in a pocket of plasma membrane. |
| Exocytosis | an active transport process where cells expel molecules—such as neurotransmitters, hormones, or waste—by fusing internal vesicles with the plasma membrane, releasing contents into the extracellular space. |
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