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Cells
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell | The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and capable of independent existence. |
| Cell Theory | A fundamental scientific theory stating that all living things are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells. |
| DNA | The molecule that carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms. |
| Nucleic Acid | Complex organic substances (like DNA or RNA) whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain. |
| Organelle | A specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function (e.g., mitochondria, ribosomes). |
| Cell Membrane | A selectively permeable biological membrane that surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out. |
| Cell Wall | A rigid exterior layer found in plants, fungi, and bacteria that provides structural support and protection. |
| Cytoplasm | The jelly-like substance (cytosol) and organelles located between the cell membrane and the nucleus. |
| Nucleus | The membrane-bound "control center" of a eukaryotic cell that contains its DNA. |
| Mitochondria | Known as the "powerhouse" of the cell; they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. |
| Ribosome | A cellular structure that serves as the site of protein synthesis. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | A network of membranous tubules involved in protein and lipid synthesis (Rough ER has ribosomes; Smooth ER does not). |
| Golgi Apparatus | An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles. |
| Chloroplast | A plastid in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and is the site where photosynthesis occurs. |
| Lysosome | A membrane-bound organelle containing digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris. |
| Selectively Permeable | A property of biological membranes that allows only certain molecules to pass through while blocking others. |
| Diffusion | The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Passive Transport | Movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy (e.g., diffusion, osmosis). |
| Active Transport | The movement of substances across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP). |
| Endocytosis | The process by which a cell takes in materials by engulfing them in a vesicle formed from the cell membrane. |
| Exocytosis | The process by which a cell releases large amounts of material through the fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane. |
| Tissue | A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. |
| Organ | A collection of different tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function. |
| Organ System | A group of organs that work together to perform one or more complex vital functions for the body. |
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