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PATHOPHYS SP26 E1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is pathophysiology? | study of the body's response to dysfunction and disease |
| Etiology | Cause |
| Pathogenesis | How disease evolves |
| Morphologic changes | Cellular changes |
| Clinical course | next steps from now to death or now to recovery |
| Diagnosis | designation of the nature of a problem |
| Reliability | when repeated, do you get the same result |
| Validity | the extent to which a measurement tool measures what its intended to measure |
| Incidence | Number of new cases in a timeframe |
| Prevalence | Number of total cases |
| Sensitivity | How many true positives are detected |
| Specificity | How many true negatives are detected |
| Morbidity | How many people with the illness |
| Morbidity | How many people died of the illness |
| What are the three levels of disease prevention? | Primary no disease, Secondary asymptomatic, Tertiary clinical course |
| What is primary disease prevention | removing risk factors to prevent disease from occuring |
| What is secondary disease prevention | You have the disease but its asymptomatic, treatment is to prolong and or stop progression |
| What is tertiary disease prevention | You have the disease and you're showing symptoms, now you are getting treatments to reduce complications |
| What is cancer | disorder of altered cell growth and differentiation |
| What is a neoplasm | new growth, can be malignant or benign |
| If it ends in oma its a | tumor |
| Carcinoma | malignant tumor of epithelial tissue |
| Sarcoma | Malignant tumor of muscle or connective tissue |
| Blastoma | Malignant tumor of nerves |
| Oncology | study of tumors and their treatment |
| More in the tumor name than oma means | its probably malignant |
| Myeloma | B lymphocytes in bone marrow |
| Lymphoma | B or T cells in the lymph nodes |
| Leukemia | white blood cells in bone marrow |
| A benign neoplasm has what characteristics | slow growth, inability to metastasize, well differentiated cells |
| A malignant neoplasm has what characteristics | fast growth, metastasizes, non differentiated cells, gain access to blood flow, can cause tissue necrosis |
| How are tumors graded? | Using TNM... tumor, node, metastases |
| Carcinogen | cancer causing agent |
| where do we get carcinogens | UV, Burnt food, smoking, chemicals |
| carcinogenesis is when cells lose | regulation |
| How many genes are involved in the average tumor | about 100 genes |
| What is a driver mutation? | a genetic change that allows a tumor growth advantage |
| what is a passenger mutation? | helps a tumor grow but does not directly cause the growth |
| True or false, most cancers are environmental as opposed to genetic | True |
| Cigarette smokers get | Lung cancer |
| Chimney sweeps get | scrotal cancer |
| Dye industry workers get | Bladder cancer |
| Pickles vegetables and nitrosamines cause | esophageal cancer |
| smoking and alcohol causes | oral cancer |
| arsenic in drinking water associated with | skin cancer |
| smoked foods and insufficient refrigeration is associated with | stomach cancer |
| high fat consumption may lead to | breast, uterine, prostate, or pancreatic cancer |
| What is chemoprevention | using chemical agents to prevent cancer |
| Tamoxifen is a chemo preventative agent for | breast cancer |
| aspirin is a chemo preventative agent for | colon cancer |
| Unipotent stem cells | can give rise to one type of differentiated cell |
| Oligopotent | Can give rise to a small number of cell types |
| Pluripotent | Can give rise to many cell types |
| Totipotent | can become any cell |
| What is a leiomyoma | a benign uterine tumor |
| what is a leiomyosarcoma | a malignant uterine tumor |
| If you have none of the enzyme tyrosinase then you are | albino |
| Macule | flat colored lesion, freckle |
| Patch | Macule bigger than 2 cm, big freckle |
| Papule | raised lesion, acne or blister |
| Nodule | large papule |
| Vesicle | fluid filled lesion |
| pustule | vesicle with leukocytes |
| Lichenification | skin thickenning |
| scale | excessive stratum corneum |
| pruritic | itchy |
| Bacterial Skin Infections examples | cellulitis, folliculitis |
| what is Stevens‑Johnson Syndrome | Severe drug reaction Skin sloughing Often triggered by antibiotics or anticonvulsants can be deadly |
| 1st degree burn affects | epidermis |
| 2nd degree burn affects | epidermis and dermis |
| 3rd degree burn affects | epidermis dermis and subcutaneous tissue |
| what are the three common types of skin cancer | malignant melanoma, BASAL CELL CACINOMA, squamous cell carcinoma m&m bcc scc |
| Strain | Tendon or muscle, overuse injury, heals in days |
| Sprain | Ligament, heals in weeks |
| Stages of Bone Healing | Hematoma, inflammation, repair, remodel |
| Acute Osteomyelitis | (rapid onset, usually bacterial) |
| Chronic Osteomyelitis | (long‑standing infection) |
| Hematogenous Osteomyelitis | (spread through blood) |
| Contiguous Osteomyelitis | (spread from nearby wound) |
| What are the 4 types of Osteomyelitis | Acute, Chronic, Hematogenous, Contiguous |
| What is osteoporosis | loss of bone density that leads to fragile bones |
| Risk factors for osteoporosis | being thin, being old, low calcium |
| Being overweight is protective for osteoporosis true or false | true |
| What are the types of myelitis | Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis |
| Osteoarthritis | Wear‑and‑tear, older age, cartilage loss, chronic pain |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | Autoimmune, early onset, symmetric joint pain, inflammation |
| Signs of inflammatiom | heat, swelling, redness, loss of function, pain |
| Inflammatory mediators examples | histamine, prostaglandins, cytokines, |
| What are the types of infectious agents | virus, bacteria, prions, fungi, parasites |
| What is the smallest infectious agent | prions |
| Stages of disease course | Incubation, Prodromal, Acute, Convalescence |
| Incubation period of disease | no symptoms yet |
| Prodromal period of disease | mild symptoms begin to occur |
| Acute stage of disease | symptoms peak |
| Convalescence stage of disease | recovery from illness |
| Something is an endemic if | it has a constant presence in a region |
| something is an epidemic if | there is a sudden increase of cases within a region |
| something is a pandemic if | there is a spread of cases worldwide |
| What are the classifications of bioterrorism | A, highest risk, B, moderate risk, C, lowest risk |
| What is priapism | an erection that lasts more than 4 hours, if it is low flow, (blood trapped in corpora cavernosa) it requires immediate medical attention |
| what is testicular torsion | twisting of the spermatic cord that cuts off blood supply to the ipsilateral testical, medical emergency that can result in infertility |
| what is pcos | polycystic ovarian syndrome, causes irregular periods, high androgen, ovarian cysts, and insulin resistance |
| BRCA1 & BRCA2 | Tumor suppressor gene mutations ↑ breast & ovarian cancer risk |
| Cervical Cancer Grading | CIN I (mild) → CIN II (moderate) → CIN III (severe) |
| Eustress | positive stress |
| Distress | Negative stress |
| Stress response sages (the GAS midel) | Alarm - Fight or Flight, Resistance - Adaptation, Exhaustion - resources depleted |
| Chronic Stress response | High cortisol, weight gain, hypertension, immune suppression, sleep disruptions |
| What is the commonly prescribed drug for pcos | metformin |
| what is anovulation | prevention of ovulation |
| Cytokines release | neutrophils |
| What is the physiology of a fever | Pyrogen activates the hypothalamus which induces changes in its set point for temperature (increases set point) |
| why does the body want an increased set point? | during a fever to induce healing |
| fever sends all of the blood in the body | inward |
| The initiation of a fever is | shivering to increase temp, vasoconstriction to get blood centralized |
| fever is | the increase of the set point in the hypothalamus to increase body temperature |
| What is hyperthermia | when the setpoint remains unchanged in a fever or the heat production outpaces the ability of the body to dissipate heat |
| What are the different types of hyperthermia | heat exhaustion, heatstroke, malignant, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome |
| what is heat exhaustion | the precursor to heatstroke |
| what is heatstroke | temp above 104 |
| what is malignant hyperthermia | genetic reaction to anesthesia where you get too hot |
| what is neuroleptic malignant syndrome | a rare response to a medication which has a high fever, muscle rigidity and confusion |
| "neuroleptic" is a | drug class |
| What is hypothermia | core temp less than 35 degrees celcius |
| Give an example of a carcinogen | asbestos, cigarette smoke, burnt/smoked meat |
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