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Chapter 5
Chapter 5 terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Natural supports | Family, friends, classmates, and coworkers that foster inclusion, skill development, and community belonging |
| Adaptive behvior | The collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills, they learn to function independently in their daily lives |
| Intellectual functioning | General mental capacity, including reasoning, problem solving, and learning |
| Social intelligence | The skill of effectively understanding social situations, involving reading cues, interpreting emotions, knowing social rules, and adapting behaviors to build relationships |
| Practical intelligence | The ability to use one's intelligence in everyday life and apply common sense reasoning to complex, practical situations |
| Supports | Strategies and resources that "a person requires to participate in activities associated with normative human functioning" |
| Mild | IQ of about 50-70 |
| Moderate | IQ of about 35-50 |
| Severe | IQ of about 20-35 |
| Profound | IQ below about 20 |
| Intellectual disabilities | A lifelong neurodevelopment condition originating before age 18, based on IQ, typically under 70 |
| Prenatal | Before birth |
| Perinatal | At the time of birth |
| Postnatal | After birth |
| Chromosomal disorders | Genetic conditions caused by missing, extra, or structural rearrangements ofchromosomes |
| Down syndrome | Involves an anomaly at the 21st pair of chromosomes |
| Chromosomes | Thread-like structures made of DNA and protein, humans have 23 pairs |
| Maternal serum screening | A blood test that's used to check for "markers," such as certain proteins, in the mother's blood that suggest an increased likelihood of Down Syndrome |
| Nuchal translucency ultrasound | Allows that physician to see the fluid from behind the fetus's neck |
| Amniocentesis | A sample of amniotic fluid from the sac around the fetus is analyzed for certain proteins that are possible markers for Down Syndrome |
| Spina bifda | A condition in which the spinal column fails to close properly while in the womb |
| Chronic villus sampling (CVS) | The physician takes a sample of villi and tests them for chromosomal abnormalities |
| Fragile x syndrome | In affected individuals the bottom if the X chromosome is pinched off in some of the blood cells |
| Prader-Willi syndrome | Result of a genetic abnormality and is the leading cause of obesity |
| Sleep apnea | Cessation of breathing while sleeping |
| Williams syndrome | Caused by the absence of material on the seventh pair of chromosomes |
| Inborn errors of metabolism | Result from inherited deficiencies in enzymes used to metabolize basic substances in the body, such as amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, or trace elements |
| Phenylketonuria (PKU) | The inability of the body to convert a common dietary substance, phenylalanine, to tyrosine |
| Microcephalus | The head is abnormally small and conical in shape |
| Hydrocephalus | Results from an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid inside or outside the brain |
| Environmental influences | Surrounding factors that play a role in a women's pregnancy and can affect the development of the fetus |
| Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) | Include a range of disorders in children born to women who have consumed alcohol while pregnant |
| Fetal alcohol spectrum (FAS) | Are characterized by a variety of abnormal facial features and growth retardation |
| Rubella (German measles) | Can potentially cause blindness and result in intellectual disabilities |
| Anoxia | Complete deprivation of oxygen |
| Low birth weight (LBW) | Can result in a variety of behavioral and medical problems |
| Syphilis | A sexually transmitted infection (STI) |
| Herpes simplex | A common viral infection that causes painful sores or blisters |
| Biological postnatal causes | Infections, malnutrition, and toxins |
| Meningitis | Infection of the covering of the brain that may be caused by a variety of bacterial or viral infections |
| Encephalitis | An inflammation of the brain, results more often in intellectual disabilities and usually affects intelligence more severe |
| Psychosocial postnatal causes | Children who are raised in poor environmental circumstances are at risk for intellectual disabilities |
| Mental age | The age level at which a person is functioning |
| Chronological age | The amount of time that has passed since a person's birth date |
| Working memory (WM) | Involves the ability to keep information in mind while simultaneously doing another cognitive task |
| Self-regulation | A broad term referring to the ability to regulate one's own behavior |
| Metacognition | Refers to a person's awareness of what strategies are needed to perform a task |
| Behavioral phenotypes | A characteristic, consistent pattern of cognitive, personality, and psychiatric manifestations linked to specific genetic or chromosomal disorders |
| Explicit Instruction | Involves being as clear, direct, and precise as possible |
| Systematic instruction | Involves a carefully planned, logical teaching method that breaks down skills into small steps |
| Functional Programming | All students who have intellectual disabilities, no matter the severity level, need some instruction in functional skills, such as self-help |
| Functional academics | Teaching academics in the context of daily living skills |
| Academic programming | Tailored, specialized instruction and curriculum adjustments designed to meet the unique learning needs of students with disabilities or those who are gifted |
| Community residential faculties (CRFs) | Community-based living environments designed for individuals, including children with disabilities, recovering addicts or adults who cannot live independently |
| Supported living | Persons with intellectual disabilities receive supports to live in more natural environments |
| Deinstitutionalization movement | Significant policy that moved individuals with mental illness and disabilities from long-term, overcrowded state institutions to community-based care |
| Domestic skills | Involves such things as learning to wash dishes, cook, do laundry, and manage a budget |
| Community skills | Involves such things as using transportation, procuring health care, banking, going, going to restaurants, and shopping for groceries |
| Sheltered workshop | A structured environment in which a person receives training and works with other workers with disabilities on jobs requiring relatively low skills |
| Supported competitive employment | The person with intellectual disabilities has a competitive employment position but receives ongoing assistance |
| Job coach | Provides personalized on-site training, skill development, and advocacy to help individuals |
| Self-determination | The ability to act autonomously, be self-regulated |
| Learned helplessness | A psychological state where individuals stop trying to change negative, uncontrollable situations |
| Person-centered planning | Focuses on the person's strengths, preferences, goals, and dreams |
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