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ZFinal - Pharmacothe
Pharmacotherapy review for all drugs
| Generic name | Drug overview |
|---|---|
| lisinopril | Brand name: Zestril; Prinivil Class: ACE Inhibitor Indication: Hypertension Pearls: - ACE inhibitors may cause a dry cough - ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in pregnancy |
| benazepril | Brand name: Lotensin Class: ACE Inhibitor Indication: Hypertension Pearls: - ACE inhibitors may cause a dry cough - ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in pregnancy |
| ramipril | Brand name: Altace Class: ACE Inhibitor Indication: Hypertension Pearls: - ACE inhibitors may cause a dry cough - ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in pregnancy |
| enalapril | Brand name: Vasotec Class: ACE Inhibitor Indication: Hypertension Pearls: - ACE inhibitors may cause a dry cough - ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in pregnancy |
| losartan | Brand name: Cozaar Class: ARB Indication: Hypertension Pearls: - Like ACE-I's, ARBs are also contraindicated in pregnancy - Unlike ACE-I's, ARBs do NOT cause cough |
| olmesartan | Brand name: Benicar Class: ARB Indication: Hypertension Pearls: - Like ACE-I's, ARBs are also contraindicated in pregnancy - Unlike ACE-I's, ARBs do NOT cause cough |
| irbesartan | Brand name: Avapro Class: ARB Indication: Hypertension Pearls: - Like ACE-I's, ARBs are also contraindicated in pregnancy - Unlike ACE-I's, ARBs do NOT cause cough |
| valsartan | Brand name: Diovan Class: ARB Indication: Hypertension Pearls: - Like ACE-I's, ARBs are also contraindicated in pregnancy - Unlike ACE-I's, ARBs do NOT cause cough |
| metoprolol tartrate | Brand name: Lopressor Class: Beta-blocker Indication: Hypertension; heart failure, arrhythmia Pearls: - Metoprolol tartrate is taken twice daily (as opposed to once daily for succinate) - Beta-blockers should be avoided in patients with asthma |
| metoprolol succinate | Brand name: Toprol XL Class: Beta-blocker Indication: Hypertension; heart failure, arrhythmia Pearls: - Metoprolol succinate is taken once daily (as opposed to twice daily for tartrate) - Beta-blockers should be avoided in patients with asthma |
| carvedilol | Brand name: Coreg Class: Beta-blocker Indication: Hypertension; heart failure, arrhythmia Pearls: - Beta-blockers should be avoided in patients with asthma - Take with food |
| atenolol | Brand name: Tenormin Class: Beta-blocker Indication: Hypertension; heart failure, arrhythmia Pearls: - Beta-blockers should be avoided in patients with asthma |
| labetalol | Brand name: Trandate Class: Beta-blocker Indication: Hypertension; heart failure, arrhythmia Pearls: - Beta-blockers should be avoided in patients with asthma |
| propranolol | Brand name: Inderal Class: Beta-blocker Indication: Hypertension; heart failure, arrhythmia Pearls: - Beta-blockers should be avoided in patients with asthma |
| amlodipine | Brand name: Norvasc Class: Calcium channel blocker (dihydropyridine) Indication: Hypertension Pearls: |
| nifedipine | Brand name: Procardia; Adalat Class: Calcium channel blocker (dihydropyridine) Indication: Hypertension Pearls: |
| diltiazem | Brand name: Cardizem Class: Calcium channel blocker (non-dihydropyridine) Indication: Hypertension Pearls: |
| verapamil | Brand name: Calan Class: Calcium channel blocker (non-dihydropyridine) Indication: Hypertension; atrial fibrillation Pearls: |
| hydrochlorothiazide | Brand name: Microzide Class: Thiazide diuretic Indication: Hypertension Pearls: - Common abbreviation: HCTZ - Diuretics are typically taken in the morning |
| chlorthalidone | Brand name: Thalitone Class: Thiazide diuretic Indication: Hypertension Pearls: - Diuretics are typically taken in the morning |
| metolazone | Brand name: Zaroxolyn Class: Thiazide diuretic Indication: Hypertension Pearls: - Diuretics are typically taken in the morning |
| losartan / hydrochlorothiazide | Brand name: Hyzaar Class: Combination of ARB + Thiazide diuretic Indication: Hypertension Pearls: - Take in the morning (diuretic) - Avoid in pregnancy (ARB) |
| lisinopril / hydrochlorothiazide | Brand name: Zestoretic Class: Combination of ACE-I + Thiazide diuretic Indication: Hypertension Pearls: - Take in the morning (diuretic) - Avoid in pregnancy (ACE-I) |
| furosemide | Brand name: Lasix Class: Loop diuretic Indication: Hypertension Pearls: - Diuretics are typically taken in the morning - Can cause hypokalemia (low potassium). Many patients take a potassium supplement. |
| bumetanide | Brand name: Bumex Class: Loop diuretic Indication: Hypertension Pearls: - Diuretics are typically taken in the morning - Can cause hypokalemia (low potassium). Many patients take a potassium supplement. |
| torsemide | Brand name: Demadex Class: Loop diuretic Indication: Hypertension Pearls: - Diuretics are typically taken in the morning - Can cause hypokalemia (low potassium). Many patients take a potassium supplement. |
| spironolactone | Brand name: Aldactone Class: Potassium-sparing diuretic Indication: Hypertension Pearls: - Diuretics are typically taken in the morning - Can cause hyperkalemia (high potassium) - Avoid high-potassium foods and salt substitutes like Dash |
| triamterene / hydrochlorothiazide | Brand name: Dyazide Class: Potassium-sparing diuretic + thiazide diuretic Indication: Hypertension Pearls: - Diuretics are typically taken in the morning - ADR: hyperkalemia (high potassium) - Avoid high-potassium foods / salt substitutes like Dash |
| potassium chloride | Brand name: Klor-Con; K-Dur; K-Tab Class: Potassium supplement Indication: Prevent/treat hypokalemia Pearls: - Abbreviation: KCl - Replaces potassium lost from loop/thiazides - Available as: tabs, caps, powder, solution - Solution must be diluted |
| doxazosin | Brand name: Cardura Class: Alpha 1 blocker Indication: Hypertension; BPH Pearls: - ADR: Orthostatic hypotension. Patients should rise slowly from sitting or lying positions - Alpha 1 blockers can treat HTN, BPH, or both. Doxazosin treats both. |
| terazosin | Brand name: Hytrin Class: Alpha 1 blocker Indication: Hypertension; BPH Pearls: - ADR: Orthostatic hypotension. Patients should rise slowly from sitting or lying positions - Alpha 1 blockers can treat HTN, BPH, or both. Terazosin treats both. |
| prazosin | Brand name: Minipress Class: Alpha 1 blocker Indication: Hypertension Pearls: - ADR: Orthostatic hypotension. Patients should rise slowly from sitting/lying positions - Alpha 1 blockers can treat HTN, BPH, or both. Prazosin treats HTN only. |
| tamsulosin | Brand name: Flomax Class: Alpha 1 blocker Indication: BPH Pearls: - ADR: Orthostatic hypotension. Patients should rise slowly from sitting or lying positions - Alpha 1 blockers can treat HTN, BPH, or both. Tamsulosin treats BPH only. |
| hydralazine | Brand name: Apresoline Class: Peripheral vasodilator Indication: Hypertension Pearls: - ADR: orthostatic hypotension. Patients should rise slowly from sitting or lying positions |
| clonidine | Brand name: Catapress; Kapvay Class: Alpha 2 adrenergic agonist Indication: Hypertension; ADHD Pearls: - ADR: orthostatic hypotension. Patients should rise slowly from sitting or lying positions |
| aspirin | Brand name: Various Class: NSAID; Salicylate Indication: Antiplatelet (low dose); Analgesic/antipyretic (high dose) Pearls: - Low-dose "baby aspirin" should never be given to infants - ADR: Increased bleeding risk - Abbreviation: ASA |
| clopidogrel | Brand name: Plavix Class: Antiplatelet Indication: Prevent blood clots Pearls: - ADR: Increased risk of bleeding |
| ticagrelor | Brand name: Brilinta Class: Antiplatelet Indication: Prevent blood clots Pearls: - ADR: Increased risk of bleeding |
| warfarin | Brand: Coumadin Class: Anticoagulant Indication: Prevent/treat clots Pearls: - Boxed warning: Risk of bleeding - Maintain consistent vitamin K intake - Antidote: Vitamin K (phytonadione) - Hazardous drug - Frequent blood monitoring / dose changes |
| apixaban | Brand name: Eliquis Class: Anticoagulant Indication: Prevent/treat blood clots Pearls: - ADR: Increased risk of bleeding |
| dabigatran | Brand name: Pradaxa Class: Anticoagulant Indication: Prevent/treat blood clots Pearls: - ADR: Increased risk of bleeding |
| enoxaparin | Brand name: Lovenox Class: Anticoagulant Indication: Prevent/treat blood clots Pearls: - ADR: Increased risk of bleeding - Administered via injection |
| rivaroxaban | Brand name: Xarelto Class: Anticoagulant Indication: Prevent/treat blood clots Pearls: - ADR: Increased risk of bleeding |
| nitroglycerin sublingual | Brand name: Nitro-Quick; Nitro-Stat Class: Vasodilator Indication: Angina Pearls: - SL tablet or spray. - Use 1 dose q 5 min PRN for up to 3 doses. Call 911 if no relief - DDI: PDE5-inhibitors (sildenafil, tadalafil) - Store in original container |
| isosorbide / hydralazine | Brand name: BiDil Class: Vasodilator Indication: Prevents angina (heart pain) Pearls: - DDI: PDE5-inhibitors (sildenafil, tadalafil etc.) Administering together may lead to heart attack or stroke. |
| digoxin | Brand name: Lanoxin; Digitek Class: Cardiac glycoside Indication: Heart failure; arrhythmia Pearls: - Narrow therapeutic index drug |
| atorvastatin | Brand name: Lipitor Class: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) Indication: Hypercholesterolemia Pearls: - Statins interact with grapefruit. Do not eat grapefruit or drink grapefruit juice. - ADR: Muscle pain, weakness, or cramps; rhabdomyolysis. |
| rosuvastatin | Brand name: Crestor Class: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) Indication: Hypercholesterolemia Pearls: - Statins interact with grapefruit. Do not eat grapefruit or drink grapefruit juice. - ADR: Muscle pain, weakness, or cramps; rhabdomyolysis. |
| simvastatin | Brand name: Zocor Class: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) Indication: Hypercholesterolemia Pearls: - Statins interact with grapefruit. Do not eat grapefruit or drink grapefruit juice. - ADR: Muscle pain, weakness, or cramps; rhabdomyolysis. |
| pravastatin | Brand name: Pravachol Class: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) Indication: Hypercholesterolemia Pearls: - Statins interact with grapefruit. Do not eat grapefruit or drink grapefruit juice. - ADR: Muscle pain, weakness, or cramps; rhabdomyolysis. |
| lovastatin | Brand name: Mevacor Class: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) Indication: Hypercholesterolemia Pearls: - Statins interact with grapefruit. Do not eat grapefruit or drink grapefruit juice. - ADR: Muscle pain, weakness, or cramps; rhabdomyolysis. |
| ezetimibe | Brand name: Zetia Class: Antilipemic agent Indication: Hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol) Pearls: - Decreases cholesterol absorption in the intestine - Often used with a statin |
| fenofibrate | Brand name: Tricor; Trilipix Class: Fibrate Indication: Hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol) Pearls: - Increased risk of muscle toxicity when combined with statins |
| gemfibrozil | Brand name: Lopid Class: Fibrate Indication: Hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol) Pearls: - Increased risk of muscle toxicity when combined with statins |
| Niacin | Brand name: Niaspan Class: Antilipemic agent Indication: Hypercholesterolemia Pearls: - Also known as vitamin B3 or nicotinic acid - ADR: Flushing - temporary and harmless. Taking aspirin can help reduce it. - Also available in OTC formulations |
| omega-3 fatty acids | Brand name: Lovaza Class: Antilipemic agent Indication: Hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol) Pearls: - Available in OTC and Rx formulations |
| albuterol inhaler | Brand name: ProAir; Ventolin; Proventil Class: SABA (Short-acting beta agonist) Indication: Bronchospasm Pearls: - Albuterol MDIs (metered-dose inhalers) are commonly referred to as "rescue inhalers" - ADR: Increased heart rate; palpitations |
| levalbuterol inhaler | Brand name: Xopenex Class: SABA (Short-acting beta agonist) Indication: Bronchospasm Pearls: - Levalbuterol MDIs (metered-dose inhalers) are commonly referred to as "rescue inhalers" - ADR: Increased heart rate; palpitations |
| albuterol nebulizer solution | Brand name: N/A Class: SABA (Short-acting beta agonist) Indication: Bronchospasm Pearls: - Must be administered using a nebulizer - ADR: Increased heart rate; palpitations |
| fluticasone inhaler | Brand name: Flovent Class: ICS (Inhaled corticosteroid) Indication: Asthma maintenance Pearls: - Rinse mouth after ICS use (prevents oral thrush) |
| beclomethasone | Brand name: Qvar Class: ICS (Inhaled corticosteroid) Indication: Asthma maintenance Pearls: - Rinse mouth after ICS use (prevents oral thrush) |
| tiotropium | Brand name: Spiriva Class: LAMA (Long-acting muscarinic agent) Indication: Asthma/COPD maintenance Pearls: |
| umeclidinium | Brand name: Incruse Class: LAMA (Long-acting muscarinic agent) Indication: Asthma/COPD maintenance Pearls: |
| salmeterol | Brand name: Serevent Class: LABA (Long-acting beta agonist) Indication: Asthma/COPD maintenance Pearls: |
| formoterol / budesonide | Brand name: Symbicort Class: LABA / ICS Indication: Asthma/COPD maintenance and/or rescue Pearls: - Can be used for SMART therapy (single maintenance and reliever inhaler) - Rinse mouth after ICS use (prevents oral thrush) |
| salmeterol / fluticasone | Brand name: Advair Class: LABA / ICS Indication: Asthma/COPD maintenance Pearls: - Rinse mouth after ICS use (prevents oral thrush) |
| vilanterol / fluticasone | Brand name: Breo Ellipta Class: LABA / ICS Indication: Asthma/COPD maintenance Pearls: |
| formoterol / mometasone | Brand name: Dulera Class: LABA / ICS Indication: Asthma/COPD maintenance Pearls: - Rinse mouth after ICS use (prevents oral thrush) |
| vilanterol / umeclidinium | Brand name: Anoro Ellipta Class: LABA / LAMA Indication: Asthma/COPD maintenance Pearls: |
| vilanterol / umeclidinium / fluticasone | Brand name: Trelegy Ellipta Class: LABA / LAMA / ICS Indication: Asthma/COPD maintenance Pearls: - Rinse mouth after ICS use (prevents oral thrush) |
| montelukast | Brand name: Singulair Class: Leukotriene-receptor antagonist Indication: Asthma maintenance; allergy management Pearls: - Boxed warning: Neuropsychiatric events (e.g., depression, suicidal thoughts). More common during initiation and dosage changes. |
| nicotine patches | Brand name: Nicoderm Class: NRT (nicotine replacement therapy) Indication: Smoking cessation Pearls: - Available OTC - Apply to clean, dry skin; rotate sites daily |
| nicotine gum | Brand name: Nicorette Gum Class: NRT (nicotine replacement therapy) Indication: Smoking cessation Pearls: - Available OTC - Patients should use the "chew-and-park" method |
| nicotine lozenge | Brand name: Nicorette Lozenge Class: NRT (nicotine replacement therapy) Indication: Smoking cessation Pearls: - Available OTC - Allow to dissolve in mouth. Do not chew or swallow whole. |
| varenicline | Brand name: Chantix Class: Nicotinic receptor agonist Indication: Smoking cessation Pearls: - Prescription only |
| bupropion SR | Brand name: Zyban; Wellbutrin Class: Norepinephrine/dopamine reuptake inhibitor Indication: Antidepressant; smoking cessation; ADHD Pearls: - IR and ER (Wellbutrin, Wellbutrin XL) used for depression/ADHD - SR (Zyban) used for smoking cessation |
| levothyroxine | Brand name: Synthroid; Levoxyl Class: Thyroid hormone replacement Indication: Hypothyroidism (low levels of thyroid hormone) Pearls: - Narrow therapeutic index drug (NTI) - Take on an empty stomach, same time daily |
| epinephrine injector | Brand name: EpiPen Class: Sympathomimetic Indication: Anaphylaxis Pearls: - Emergency rescue injection for severe allergic reactions |
| testosterone injection | Brand name: Depo-testosterone Class: Androgen Indication: Male hypogonadism Pearls: - Injectable testosterone replacement - DEA Schedule III |
| testosterone gel | Brand name: Androgel Class: Androgen Indication: Male hypogonadism Pearls: - Topical testosterone replacement - DEA Schedule III - Risk of accidental transfer. Avoid direct skin contact with women/children. Apply to covered areas |
| conjugated estrogens | Brand name: Premarin Class: Estrogen Indication: Menopausal symptom relief Pearls: - Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) |
| oral contraceptives | Brand name: Various Class: Hormones Indication: Birth control Pearls: May contain a combination of many hormones, including: estradiol, levonorgestrel, norgestimate, norethindrone, drospirenone, and progesterone. |
| acetaminophen | Brand name: Tylenol Class: Analgesic (non-opioid) Indication: Pain; fever Pearls: - Abbreviation: APAP - Available OTC - Max daily dose: 3–4 g/day - Avoid alcohol |
| aspirin | Brand name: Various Class: NSAID; Salicylate Indication: Antiplatelet (low dose); Analgesic/antipyretic (high dose) Pearls: - Low-dose "baby aspirin" should never be given to infants - ADR: Increased bleeding risk - Abbreviation: ASA |
| ibuprofen | Brand name: Motrin; Advil Class: NSAID Indication: Analgesic; antipyretic (reduce fever) Pearls: - Available OTC - ↑ risk of GI irritation/bleeding - Take with food |
| naproxen | Brand name: Aleve Class: NSAID Indication: Analgesic; antipyretic (reduce fever) Pearls: - Available OTC - ↑ risk of GI irritation/bleeding - Take with food |
| meloxicam | Brand name: Mobic Class: NSAID Indication: Analgesic - arthritis pain Pearls: - ↑ risk of GI irritation/bleeding - Take with food |
| diclofenac | Brand name: Voltaren Class: NSAID Indication: Analgesic - arthritis pain Pearls: - Available as an oral tablet (prescription only) - Available as a topical gel (Rx and OTC) - ↑ risk of GI irritation/bleeding |
| celecoxib | Brand name: Celebrex Class: NSAID Indication: Analgesic - arthritis pain Pearls: - Lower incidence of GI side-effects than other NSAIDs - ADR: Increased risk of heart attack and stroke |
| hydrocodone / APAP | Brand name: Norco Class: Opioid analgesic / non-opioid analgesic Indication: Pain Pearls: - DEA Schedule II - Risk of overdose and addiction - ADR: Respiratory depression; sedation; constipation; euphoria |
| oxycodone IR | Brand name: Roxicodone Class: Opioid analgesic Indication: Pain Pearls: - DEA Schedule II - Risk of overdose and addiction - ADR: Respiratory depression; sedation; constipation; euphoria |
| oxycodone ER | Brand name: OxyContin Class: Opioid analgesic Indication: Pain Pearls: - DEA Schedule II - Risk of overdose and addiction - ADR: Respiratory depression; sedation; constipation; euphoria |
| oxycodone / APAP | Brand name: Percocet Class: Opioid analgesic / non-opioid analgesic Indication: Pain Pearls: - DEA Schedule II - Risk of overdose and addiction - ADR: Respiratory depression; sedation; constipation; euphoria |
| morphine sulfate IR | Brand name: Various Class: Opioid analgesic Indication: Pain Pearls: - DEA Schedule II - Risk of overdose and addiction - ADR: Respiratory depression; sedation; constipation; euphoria |
| morphine sulfate ER | Brand name: MS Contin Class: Opioid analgesic Indication: Pain Pearls: - DEA Schedule II - Risk of overdose and addiction - ADR: Respiratory depression; sedation; constipation; euphoria |
| fentanyl | Brand name: Duragesic Class: Opioid analgesic Indication: Pain Pearls: - Available in a long-acting (72 hours) patch formulation. - DEA Schedule II - Risk of overdose and addiction - ADR: Respiratory depression; sedation; constipation; euphoria |
| acetaminophen / codeine | Brand name: Tylenol #3 Class: Opioid analgesic Indication: Pain Pearls: - DEA Schedule III - Risk of overdose and addiction - ADR: Respiratory depression; sedation; constipation; euphoria |
| tramadol | |
| Naloxone nasal spray | Brand name: Narcan Class: Opioid antagonist Indication: Emergency treatment for opioid overdose Pearls: - Available by prescription and OTC in most states - Effects are temporary. May require repeat dosing. Seek immediate medical attention after use |
| buprenorphine / naloxone | Brand name: Suboxone Class: Opioid partial agonist / opioid antagonist Indication: Opioid use disorder Pearls: - Treats withdrawal symptoms associated with opioid use |
| cyclobenzaprine | Brand name: Flexeril Class: Muscle relaxant Indication: Muscle spasm Pearls: - ADR: Drowsiness; sedation; dizziness; dry mouth - Causes CNS depression. Avoid alcohol and other sedatives |
| tizanidine | Brand name: Zanaflex Class: Muscle relaxant Indication: Muscle spasm Pearls: - ADR: Drowsiness; sedation; dizziness; dry mouth - Causes CNS depression. Avoid alcohol and other sedatives |
| baclofen | Brand name: Lioresal Class: Muscle relaxant Indication: Muscle spasm Pearls: - ADR: Drowsiness; sedation; dizziness; dry mouth - Causes CNS depression. Avoid alcohol and other sedatives |
| methocarbamol | Brand name: Robaxin Class: Muscle relaxant Indication: Muscle spasm Pearls: - ADR: Drowsiness; sedation; dizziness; dry mouth - Causes CNS depression. Avoid alcohol and other sedatives |
| carisoprodol | Brand name: Soma Class: Muscle relaxant Indication: Muscle spasm Pearls: - ADR: Drowsiness; sedation; dizziness; dry mouth - Causes CNS depression. Avoid alcohol and other sedatives - DEA Schedule IV |
| amphetamine / dextroamphetamine | Brand name: Adderall Class: CNS stimulant Indication: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Pearls: - DEA Schedule II - ADR: increased heart rate and blood pressure; insomnia - Take doses earlier in the day to prevent insomnia |
| lisdexamfetamine | Brand name: Vyvanse Class: CNS stimulant Indication: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Pearls: - DEA Schedule II - ADR: increased heart rate and blood pressure; insomnia - Take doses earlier in the day to prevent insomnia |
| methylphenidate | Brand name: Ritalin; Concerta Class: CNS stimulant Indication: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Pearls: - DEA Schedule II - ADR: increased heart rate and blood pressure; insomnia - Take doses earlier in the day to prevent insomnia |
| dexmethylphenidate | Brand name: Focalin Class: CNS stimulant Indication: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Pearls: - DEA Schedule II - ADR: increased heart rate and blood pressure; insomnia - Take doses earlier in the day to prevent insomnia |
| atomoxetine | Brand name: Strattera Class: Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor Indication: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Pearls: - Non-stimulant - Not controlled |
| guanfacine | Brand name: Intuniv Class: Alpha 2 adrenergic agonist Indication: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Pearls: - Non-stimulant - Not controlled |
| clonidine | Brand name: Catapress; Kapvay Class: Alpha 2 adrenergic agonist Indication: Hypertension; ADHD Pearls: - ADR: orthostatic hypotension. Patients should rise slowly from sitting or lying positions |
| bupropion | Brand name: Zyban; Wellbutrin Class: Norepinephrine/dopamine reuptake inhibitor Indication: Antidepressant; smoking cessation; ADHD Pearls: - IR and ER (Wellbutrin, Wellbutrin XL) used for depression/ADHD - SR (Zyban) used for smoking cessation |
| alprazolam | Brand name: Xanax Class: Benzodiazepine Indication: Anxiety; insomnia Pearls: - Risk of dependence and withdrawal - DEA Schedule IV - Avoid alcohol and opioids (↑ respiratory depression) - ADR: Sedation, drowsiness, dizziness |
| clonazepam | Brand name: Klonopin Class: Benzodiazepine Indication: Anxiety; insomnia Pearls: - DEA Schedule IV - ADR: Sedation, drowsiness, dizziness |
| lorazepam | Brand name: Ativan Class: Benzodiazepine Indication: Anxiety; insomnia Pearls: - DEA Schedule IV - ADR: Sedation, drowsiness, dizziness |
| diazepam | Brand name: Valium Class: Benzodiazepine Indication: Anxiety; insomnia Pearls: - DEA Schedule IV - ADR: Sedation, drowsiness, dizziness |
| temazepam | Brand name: Restoril Class: Benzodiazepine Indication: Insomnia Pearls: - DEA Schedule IV - ADR: Sedation, drowsiness, dizziness - Only indicated for insomnia. Not used to treat anxiety |
| buspirone | Brand name: Buspar Class: Anti-anxiety agent Indication: Anxiety Pearls: - Used on a scheduled basis. Not PRN - Non-sedating - Non-habit forming - Not controlled |
| zolpidem | Brand name: Ambien Class: Hypnotic Indication: Insomnia Pearls: - DEA Schedule IV - ADR: Sedation, drowsiness, dizziness, impaired memory |
| eszopiclone | Brand name: Lunesta Class: Hypnotic Indication: Insomnia Pearls: - DEA Schedule IV - ADR: Sedation, drowsiness, dizziness, impaired memory |
| ramelteon | Brand name: Rozerem Class: Melatonin receptor agonist Indication: Insomnia Pearls: - Not habit forming - Not controlled |
| hydroxyzine | Brand name: Vistaril; Atarax Class: H1 Antihistamine (1st generation) Indication: Allergies; anxiety; insomnia Pearls: - Non-controlled anxiolytic alternative - ADR: Drowsiness |
| diphenhydramine | Brand name: Benadryl Class: H1 Antihistamine (1st generation) Indication: Allergies; insomnia Pearls: - Also available OTC - ADR: Drowsiness, dry mouth, urinary retention |
| trazodone | Brand name: Trazodone Class: Antidepressant Indication: Insomnia Pearls: - Sedating antidepressant commonly used off-label for sleep |
| mirtazapine | Brand name: Remeron Class: Antidepressant Indication: Insomnia Pearls: - Causes sedation and weight gain |
| diphenhydramine | Brand name: Benadryl Class: H1 Antihistamine (1st generation) Indication: Allergies; insomnia Pearls: - Also available OTC - ADR: Drowsiness, dry mouth, urinary retention |
| hydroxyzine | Brand name: Vistaril; Atarax Class: H1 Antihistamine (1st generation) Indication: Allergies; anxiety; insomnia Pearls: - ADR: Drowsiness, dry mouth, urinary retention |
| loratadine | Brand name: Claritin Class: H1 Antihistamine (2nd generation) Indication: Allergies Pearls: - Also available OTC - 2nd generation antihistamines are less sedating than 1st generation |
| cetirizine | Brand name: Zyrtec Class: H1 Antihistamine (2nd generation) Indication: Allergies Pearls: - Also available OTC - 2nd generation antihistamines are less sedating than 1st generation |
| fexofenadine | Brand name: Allegra Class: H1 Antihistamine (2nd generation) Indication: Allergies Pearls: - Also available OTC - 2nd generation antihistamines are less sedating than 1st generation |
| olopatadine | Brand name: Patanol; Pataday Class: Ophthalmic antihistamine Indication: Eye allergies Pearls: - Formulated as eye drops - Also available OTC |
| ketotifen | Brand name: Zaditor Class: Ophthalmic antihistamine Indication: Eye allergies Pearls: - Formulated as eye drops - Also available OTC |
| prednisolone | Brand name: Ora-Pred Class: Corticosteroid Indication: Allergies; anti-inflammatory; immunosuppressant Pearls: - Oral doses are often tapered to prevent adrenal suppression |
| prednisone | Brand name: Deltasone Class: Corticosteroid Indication: Allergies; anti-inflammatory; immunosuppressant Pearls: - Oral doses are often tapered to prevent adrenal suppression |
| methylprednisolone | Brand name: Medrol Class: Corticosteroid Indication: Allergies; anti-inflammatory; immunosuppressant Pearls: - Oral doses are often tapered to prevent adrenal suppression |
| hydrocortisone topical | Brand name: Cortizone Class: Topical corticosteroid Indication: Allergies Pearls: - Also available OTC - Use short-term; avoid face/groin unless directed |
| triamcinolone topical | Brand name: Kenalog Class: Topical corticosteroid Indication: Allergies Pearls: - Use short-term; avoid face/groin unless directed |
| clobetasol topical | Brand name: Clobex Class: Topical corticosteroid Indication: Allergies Pearls: - Use short-term; avoid face/groin unless directed |
| mometasone topical | Brand name: Elocon Class: Topical corticosteroid Indication: Allergies Pearls: - Use short-term; avoid face/groin unless directed |
| fluticasone nasal spray | Brand name: Flonase Class: Intranasal corticosteroid Indication: Allergies; rhinitis Pearls: - Also available OTC |
| triamcinolone nasal spray | Brand name: Nasacort Class: Intranasal corticosteroid Indication: Allergies; rhinitis Pearls: - Also available OTC |
| epinephrine auto injector | Brand name: EpiPen Class: Sympathomimetic Indication: Anaphylaxis Pearls: - Emergency rescue injection for severe allergic reactions |
| oseltamivir | Brand name: Tamiflu Class: Antiviral Indication: Prevent or treat influenza Pearls: - Most effective if started within 48 hours of symptom onset - Can be used for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza |
| guaifenesin | Brand name: Mucinex; Robitussin Class: Expectorant Indication: Cough and chest congestion Pearls: - Loosens mucus making it easier to cough up - Available OTC - Should be taken with plenty of water - Ingredient in many combination cold/flu products |
| benzonatate | Brand name: Tessalon Perles Class: Antitussive Indication: Cough Pearls: - Capsules must be swallowed whole. Do not chew or crush. - Keep out of reach of children (accidental ingestion is dangerous) |
| dextromethorphan | Brand name: Various Class: Antitussive Indication: Cough Pearls: - Also available OTC. Most states require individuals to be 18+ to purchase. - Combination products containing dextromethorphan typically have "DM" in their name (e.g., Mucinex DM) |
| codeine | Brand name: Various Class: Antitussive Indication: Cough Pearls: - DEA Schedule V (when in cough formulations) - Cough products with codeine are available OTC in some states |
| pseudoephedrine | Brand name: Sudafed Class: Decongestant Indication: Nasal congestion Pearls: - Abbreviation: PSE - Combination products often have "D" in their name (e.g., Mucinex D) - ADR: Restlessness, insomnia, ↑ HR - Available OTC but has sales restrictions |
| phenylephrine | Brand name: Sudafed PE Class: Decongestant Indication: Nasal congestion Pearls: - Available OTC without sales restrictions - Less effective than pseudoephedrine |
| oxymetazoline | Brand name: Afrin Class: Decongestant Indication: Nasal congestion Pearls: - Nasal spray - Available OTC - Extended use can lead to rebound congestion |
| latanoprost | Brand name: Xalatan Class: Ophthalmic prostaglandin Indication: Glaucoma Pearls: - Store refrigerated before opening; once opened may store at room temp up to 6 weeks - May cause darkening of iris and increased eyelash growth |
| travoprost | Brand name: Travatan Class: Ophthalmic prostaglandin Indication: Glaucoma Pearls: - May be stored refrigerated or at room temp - May cause darkening of iris and increased eyelash growth |
| timolol ophthalmic | Brand name: Timoptic Class: Ophthalmic beta-blocker Indication: Glaucoma Pearls: |
| brimonidine ophthalmic | Brand name: Alphagan Class: Ophthalmic alpha-agonist Indication: Glaucoma Pearls: |
| colchicine | Brand name: Colcrys Class: Antigout agent Indication: Acute gout flare Pearls: - Typically used to treat acute gout flare-ups - Typical dosing: 2 tabs/caps (1.2mg) now, followed by 1 tab/cap (0.6mg) 1 hour later |
| allopurinol | Brand name: Zyloprim Class: Xanthine oxidase inhibitor Indication: Gout Pearls: - Used to prevent recurrent gout flare-ups - Risk of rash; stop if severe reaction |
| febuxostat | Brand name: Uloric Class: Xanthine oxidase inhibitor Indication: Gout Pearls: - Used to prevent recurrent gout flare-ups - Alternative for patients intolerant to allopurinol |
| alendronate | Brand name: Fosamax Class: Bisphosphonate Indication: Osteoporosis Pearls: - Weekly dosing (most common) - Can cause esophageal irritation - Take on empty stomach with 6-8oz of water. Remain upright for at least 30 minutes. |
| ibandronate | Brand name: Boniva Class: Bisphosphonate Indication: Osteoporosis Pearls: - Monthly dosing - Can cause esophageal irritation - Take on empty stomach with 6-8oz of water. Remain upright for at least 30 minutes. |
| ergocalciferol | Brand name: Various Class: Vitamin supplement Indication: Osteoporosis Pearls: - Also known as Vitamin D2 - Available in low-dose daily (400 - 2,000 IU) formulations - Available in high-dose (50,000 IU) weekly/monthly formulations |
| cholecalciferol | Brand name: Various Class: Vitamin supplement Indication: Osteoporosis Pearls: - Also known as Vitamin D3 - Available as low-dose daily (400–2,000 IU) or high-dose 50,000 IU weekly/monthly - D3 is more commonly used OTC |
| Calcium | Brand name: Various Class: Nutrient Indication: Osteoporosis Pearls: - Available OTC - Best absorbed in divided doses |
| insulin lispro | Brand name: Humalog Class: Rapid-acting insulin Indication: Diabetes mellitus Pearls: - Rapid-acting mealtime insulin; inject right before meals - Unopened vials/pens: refrigerate 36°F–46°F (2°C–8°C) - Room-temperature BUD: 28 days once opened |
| insulin aspart | Brand name: Novolog Class: Rapid-acting insulin Indication: Diabetes mellitus Pearls: - Meal-time insulin - Unopened vials/pens: refrigerate 36°F–46°F (2°C–8°C) - Room-temperature BUD: 28 days once opened |
| insulin regular | Brand name: Humulin R; Novolin R Class: Short-acting insulin Indication: Diabetes mellitus Pearls: - Unopened vials/pens: refrigerate 36°F–46°F (2°C–8°C) - Room-temp BUD: Humulin R 31 days; Novolin R 42 days once opened |
| insulin isophane (NPH) | Brand name: Humulin N; Novolin N Class: Intermediate-acting insulin Indication: Diabetes mellitus Pearls: - Cloudy appearance - Unopened vials/pens: refrigerate 36°F–46°F (2°C–8°C) - Room-temp BUD: Humulin N 31 days; Novolin N 42 days once opened |
| insulin glargine | Brand name: Lantus; Basaglar; Toujeo Class: Long-acting insulin Indication: Diabetes Pearls: - Basal insulin; usually dosed once daily - Unopened vials/pens: refrigerate 36°F–46°F (2°C–8°C) - Room-temp BUD: Lantus & Basaglar 28 days; Toujeo 56 days |
| insulin detemir | Brand name: Levemir Class: Long-acting insulin Indication: Diabetes mellitus Pearls: - Basal insulin - Usually dosed 1-2 times daily - Unopened vials/pens: refrigerate 36°F–46°F (2°C–8°C) - Room-temperature BUD: 42 days once opened |
| insulin degludec | Brand name: Tresiba Class: Long-acting insulin Indication: Diabetes mellitus Pearls: - Basal insulin - Usually dosed once daily - Unopened vials/pens: refrigerate 36°F–46°F (2°C–8°C) - Room-temperature BUD: 56 days once opened |
| insulin lispro protamine / insulin lispro 75/25 | Brand name: Humalog Mix 75/25 Class: Combination insulin Indication: Diabetes mellitus Pearls: - Contains basal + mealtime insulin - Unopened vials/pens: refrigerate 36°F–46°F (2°C–8°C) |
| insulin lispro protamine / insulin lispro 50/50 | Brand name: Humalog Mix 50/50 Class: Combination insulin Indication: Diabetes mellitus Pearls: - Contains basal + mealtime insulin - Unopened vials/pens: refrigerate 36°F–46°F (2°C–8°C) |
| insulin NPH / insulin regular 70/30 | Brand name: Novolin 70/30 Class: Combination insulin Indication: Diabetes mellitus Pearls: - Contains basal + mealtime insulin - Unopened vials/pens: refrigerate 36°F–46°F (2°C–8°C) |
| insulin aspart protamine / insulin aspart 70/30 | Brand name: Novolog 70/30 Class: Combination insulin Indication: Diabetes mellitus Pearls: - Contains basal + mealtime insulin - Unopened vials/pens: refrigerate 36°F–46°F (2°C–8°C) |
| metformin | Brand name: Glucophage Class: Biguanide Indication: Diabetes mellitus - Type 2 Pearls: - First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes - ADR: Nausea, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort |
| glipizide | Brand name: Glucotrol Class: Sulfonylurea Indication: Diabetes mellitus - Type 2 Pearls: - ADR: Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) - Take with a meal to minimize risk of hypoglycemia |
| glyburide | Brand name: Diabeta Class: Sulfonylurea Indication: Diabetes mellitus - Type 2 Pearls: - ADR: Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) - Take with a meal to minimize risk of hypoglycemia |
| glimepiride | Brand name: Amaryl Class: Sulfonylurea Indication: Diabetes mellitus - Type 2 Pearls: - ADR: Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) - Take with a meal to minimize risk of hypoglycemia |
| empagliflozin | Brand name: Jardiance Class: SGLT-2 Inhibitor Indication: Diabetes mellitus - Type 2 Pearls: - Cause glucose to be excreted in urine - ADR: UTI (urinary tract infection) |
| canagliflozin | Brand name: Invokana Class: SGLT-2 Inhibitor Indication: Diabetes mellitus - Type 2 Pearls: - Cause glucose to be excreted in urine - ADR: UTI (urinary tract infection) |
| dapagliflozin | Brand name: Farxiga Class: SGLT-2 Inhibitor Indication: Diabetes mellitus - Type 2 Pearls: - Cause glucose to be excreted in urine - ADR: UTI (urinary tract infection) |
| sitagliptin | Brand name: Januvia Class: DPP-4 inhibitor Indication: Diabetes mellitus - Type 2 Pearls: - Low risk of hypoglycemia |
| linagliptin | Brand name: Tradjenta Class: DPP-4 inhibitor Indication: Diabetes mellitus - Type 2 Pearls: - Low risk of hypoglycemia |
| saxagliptin | Brand name: Onglyza Class: DPP-4 inhibitor Indication: Diabetes mellitus - Type 2 Pearls: - Low risk of hypoglycemia |
| liraglutide | Brand name: Victoza Class: GLP-1 agonist Indication: Diabetes mellitus - Type 2 Pearls: - Daily injection - Stored in the refrigerator at temperatures between 36°F and 46°F (2°C to 8°C) - May aid in weight loss - ADR: Nausea |
| semaglutide | Brand name: Ozempic; Rybelsus Class: GLP-1 agonist Indication: Type 2 diabetes Pearls: - Ozempic = once-weekly injection. Refrigerate at 36°F to 46°F (2°C to 8°C) - Rybelsus = daily tablet. Store at room temp. - May aid in weight loss - ADR: Nausea |
| dulaglutide | Brand name: Trulicity Class: GLP-1 agonist Indication: Diabetes mellitus - Type 2 Pearls: - Once-weekly injection - Stored in the refrigerator at temperatures between 36°F and 46°F (2°C to 8°C) - May aid in weight loss - ADR: Nausea |
| penicillin | Brand name: N/A Class: Penicillin antibiotic Indication: Bacterial infections Pearls: - Abbreviations: PCN or PenVK - Penicillin allergies are common - Use a separate counting tray when handling penicillin to help prevent cross-contamination |
| amoxicillin | Brand name: Amoxil Class: Penicillin antibiotic Indication: Bacterial infections Pearls: - Penicillin allergies are relatively common - Use a separate counting tray when handling penicillins to help prevent cross-contamination |
| amoxicillin / clavulanate | Brand name: Augmentin Class: Penicillin antibiotic / beta-lactamase inhibitor Indication: Bacterial infections Pearls: - Clavulanate overcomes beta-lactamase resistance - Used when amoxicillin alone fails - Penicillin allergy risk; use separate tray |
| cefdinir | Brand name: Omnicef Class: Cephalosporin antibiotic Indication: Bacterial infections Pearls: - Lower risk of cross-reactivity in patients with penicillin allergy, but caution is still advised |
| cephalexin | Brand name: Keflex Class: Cephalosporin antibiotic Indication: Bacterial infections Pearls: - Lower risk of cross-reactivity in patients with penicillin allergy, but caution is still advised |
| cefuroxime | Brand name: Ceftin Class: Cephalosporin antibiotic Indication: Bacterial infections Pearls: - Lower risk of cross-reactivity in patients with penicillin allergy, but caution is still advised |
| azithromycin | Brand name: Zithromax Class: Macrolide antibiotic Indication: Bacterial infections Pearls: - Z-Pak: 5-day azithromycin dose pack (Day 1: 500 mg (two 250 mg tablets); Days 2–5: 250 mg once daily) |
| clarithromycin | Brand name: Biaxin Class: Macrolide antibiotic Indication: Bacterial infections Pearls: |
| erythromycin | Brand name: Ery-Tab Class: Macrolide antibiotic Indication: Bacterial infections Pearls: |
| ciprofloxacin | Brand name: Cipro Class: Fluoroquinolone antibiotic Indication: Bacterial infections Pearls: |
| levofloxacin | Brand name: Levaquin Class: Fluoroquinolone antibiotic Indication: Bacterial infections Pearls: |
| sulfamethoxazole / trimethoprim | Brand name: Bactrim Class: Sulfonamide antibiotic Indication: Bacterial infections Pearls: - Sulfa allergies are relatively common - Use a separate counting tray when handling sulfonamide medications to help prevent cross-contamination |
| clindamycin | Brand name: Cleocin Class: Lincosamide antibiotic Indication: Bacterial infections Pearls: - Often used prophilactically before dental procedures - Available in topical formulations for acne |
| doxycycline | Brand name: Vibramycin Class: Tetracycline antibiotic Indication: Bacterial infections Pearls: - ADR: ↑ sensitivity to sunlight; risk of sunburns - ADR: Causes tooth discoloration; avoid in pregnancy and children <8 - ADR: Skin hyperpigmentation |
| tetracycline | Brand name: N/A Class: Tetracycline antibiotic Indication: Bacterial infections Pearls: - ADR: ↑ sensitivity to sunlight; risk of sunburns - ADR: Causes tooth discoloration; avoid in pregnancy and children <8 - ADR: Skin hyperpigmentation |
| nitrofurantoin | Brand name: Macrobid; Macrodantin Class: Nitrofurantoin antibiotic Indication: Treatment of bacterial infections Pearls: - Only used to treat UTIs |
| metronidazole | Brand name: Flagyl Class: Nitroimidazole antibiotic Indication: Treatment of bacterial infections Pearls: - Avoid alcohol during therapy and for at least 48 hours after completion (disulfiram-like reaction) - “-azole” suffix ≠ antifungal |
| mupirocin | Brand name: Bactroban Class: Topical antibiotic Indication: Treatment of bacterial infections Pearls: - Used topically only (skin or intranasal formulations) |
| acyclovir | Brand name: Zovirax Class: Antiviral Indication: Treatment of herpes virus infections (HSV, VZV) Pearls: - Used for herpes simplex and varicella-zoster (chickenpox/shingles) infections - Most effective when started early in the course of infection |
| valacyclovir | Brand name: Valtrex Class: Antiviral Indication: Treatment of herpes virus infections (HSV, VZV) Pearls: - Used for herpes simplex and varicella-zoster (chickenpox/shingles) infections - Most effective when started early in the course of infection |
| oseltamivir | Brand name: Tamiflu Class: Antiviral Indication: Prevent or treat influenza Pearls: - Most effective when started within 48 hours of symptom onset - Can be used for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza |
| clotrimazole | Brand name: Lotrimin Class: Antifungal Indication: Fungal infections Pearls: - Available in topical and vaginal formulations - Commonly used for athlete’s foot, jock itch, and ringworm |
| fluconazole | Brand name: Diflucan Class: Antifungal Indication: Fungal infections Pearls: - Often given as a single oral dose for vaginal yeast infections |
| ketoconazole | Brand name: Nizoral Class: Antifungal Indication: Fungal infections Pearls: - Commonly used as a topical shampoo or cream - Oral ketoconazole is rarely used due to risk of serious liver toxicity |
| nystatin | Brand name: Mycostatin Class: Antifungal Indication: Fungal infections Pearls: - Available as oral suspension, topical cream, and powder - Despite the suffix in its name, this is not a "statin" cholesterol medication |
| terbinafine | Brand name: Lamisil Class: Antifungal Indication: Fungal infections Pearls: - Commonly used for onychomycosis (fungal nail infections) - Available in topical and oral formulations |
| oxybutynin | Brand name: Ditropan Class: Anticholinergic (urinary antispasmodic) Indication: Overactive bladder, urinary urgency Pearls: - ADR: Anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, drowsiness) - Use caution in older adults |
| tolterodine | Brand name: Detrol Class: Anticholinergic (urinary antispasmodic) Indication: Overactive bladder, urinary urgency Pearls: - ADR: Anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, drowsiness) - Use caution in older adults |
| solifenacin | Brand name: Vesicare Class: Anticholinergic (urinary antispasmodic) Indication: Overactive bladder, urinary urgency Pearls: - ADR: Anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, drowsiness) - Use caution in older adults |
| doxazosin | Brand name: Cardura Class: Alpha 1 blocker Indication: Hypertension; BPH Pearls: - ADR: Orthostatic hypotension. Patients should rise slowly from sitting or lying positions - Alpha 1 blockers can treat HTN, BPH, or both. Doxazosin treats both. |
| terazosin | Brand name: Hytrin Class: Alpha 1 blocker Indication: Hypertension; BPH Pearls: - ADR: Orthostatic hypotension. Patients should rise slowly from sitting or lying positions - Alpha 1 blockers can treat HTN, BPH, or both. Terazosin treats both. |
| prazosin | Brand name: Minipress Class: Alpha 1 blocker Indication: Hypertension Pearls: - ADR: Orthostatic hypotension. Patients should rise slowly from sitting/lying positions - Alpha 1 blockers can treat HTN, BPH, or both. Prazosin treats HTN only. |
| tamsulosin | Brand name: Flomax Class: Alpha 1 blocker Indication: BPH Pearls: - ADR: Orthostatic hypotension. Patients should rise slowly from sitting or lying positions - Alpha 1 blockers can treat HTN, BPH, or both. Tamsulosin treats BPH only. |
| sildenafil | Brand name: Viagra Class: Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor Indication: Erectile dysfunction Pearls: - Do not use with nitrates (risk of severe hypotension) - ADR: Headache, flushing, and vision changes |
| tadalafil | Brand name: Cialis Class: Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor Indication: Erectile dysfunction; BPH Pearls: - Do not use with nitrates (risk of severe hypotension) - ADR: Headache, flushing, and vision changes |
| phenazopyridine | Brand name: Pyridium; AZO Class: Urinary tract analgesic Indication: UTI symptom relief Pearls: - Used for short-term symptom relief only; does not treat infection - Typically used ≤2 days along with antibiotics - Turns urine/body fluids orange-red |
| melatonin | Brand name: Various Class: Dietary supplement (hormone) Indication: Insomnia Pearls: - Regulates sleep-wake cycle - Non-habit forming - ADR: Drowsiness |
| folic acid | Brand name: Various Class: Dietary supplement Indication: Prevent folate deficiency; pregnancy supplementation Pearls: - Also known as Vitamin B9 - Prevents neural tube defects; often recommended during pregnancy |
| ferrous sulfate | Brand name: Various Class: Iron supplement Indication: Iron-deficiency anemia (treatment or prevention) Pearls: - Best absorbed on empty stomach - ADR: Constipation and dark stools - Separate iron from other medications by several hours. |
| ergocalciferol | Brand name: Various Class: Vitamin supplement Indication: Osteoporosis Pearls: - Also known as Vitamin D2 - Available in low-dose daily (400 - 2,000 IU) formulations - Available in high-dose (50,000 IU) weekly/monthly formulations |
| cholecalciferol | Brand name: Various Class: Vitamin supplement Indication: Osteoporosis Pearls: - Also known as Vitamin D3 - Available in low-dose daily (400 - 2,000 IU) formulations - Available in high-dose (50,000 IU) weekly/monthly formulations |
| St. John's Wort | Brand name: Various Class: Herbal antidepressant Indication: Mild depression Pearls: - Significant drug interactions; reduces effectiveness of oral contraceptives and many other medications |
| Ginkgo Biloba | Brand name: Various Class: Herbal supplement Indication: Memory support Pearls: - May increase bleeding risk - Avoid with anticoagulants and antiplatelets |
| Echinacea | Brand name: Various Class: Herbal supplement Indication: Cold symptom support Pearls: - Limited evidence of benefit - May cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals |
| Saw Palmetto | Brand name: Various Class: Herbal supplement Indication: BPH symptom relief Pearls: - May improve urinary symptoms - Increased risk of bleeding especially with anticogaulants and antiplatelets |
| Black Cohosh | Brand name: Various Class: Herbal supplement Indication: Menopausal symptoms Pearls: - Used for hot flashes - Reports of liver toxicity; use caution |
| Valerian root | Brand name: Various Class: Herbal sedative Indication: Insomnia; anxiety Pearls: - Causes sedation - Avoid alcohol and other CNS depressants |
| sertraline | Brand name: Zoloft Class: SSRI Indication: Depression Pearls: - ADRs of SSRIs include: GI disturbances, sleep disturbances, sexual dysfunction |
| fluoxetine | Brand name: Prozac Class: SSRI Indication: Depression Pearls: - ADRs of SSRIs include: GI disturbances, sleep disturbances, sexual dysfunction |
| paroxetine | Brand name: Paxil Class: SSRI Indication: Depression Pearls: - ADRs of SSRIs include: GI disturbances, sleep disturbances, sexual dysfunction |
| citalopram | Brand name: Celexa Class: SSRI Indication: Depression Pearls: - ADRs of SSRIs include: GI disturbances, sleep disturbances, sexual dysfunction |
| escitalopram | Brand name: Lexapro Class: SSRI Indication: Depression Pearls: - ADRs of SSRIs include: GI disturbances, sleep disturbances, sexual dysfunction |
| duloxetine | Brand name: Cymbalta Class: SNRI Indication: Depression; neuropathic pain Pearls: - ADRs of SNRIs include: GI disturbances, sleep disturbances, sexual dysfunction |
| venlafaxine | Brand name: Effexor Class: SNRI Indication: Depression Pearls: - ADRs of SNRIs include: GI disturbances, sleep disturbances, sexual dysfunction |
| desvenlafaxine | Brand name: Pristiq Class: SNRI Indication: Depression Pearls: - ADRs of SNRIs include: GI disturbances, sleep disturbances, sexual dysfunction |
| amitriptyline | Brand name: Elavil Class: TCA Indication: Depression; migraine prophylaxis Pearls: - ADR: Anticholinergic side effects (dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision) - Can cause sedation, often dosed at bedtime |
| nortriptyline | Brand name: Pamelor Class: TCA Indication: Depression; migraine prophylaxis Pearls: - ADR: Anticholinergic side effects (dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision) - Can cause sedation, often dosed at bedtime |
| bupropion | Brand name: Zyban; Wellbutrin Class: Norepinephrine/dopamine reuptake inhibitor Indication: Antidepressant; smoking cessation; ADHD Pearls: - IR and ER (Wellbutrin, Wellbutrin XL) used for depression/ADHD - SR (Zyban) used for smoking cessation |
| mirtazapine | Brand name: Remeron Class: Atypical antidepressant Indication: Depression Pearls: - ADR: Sedation; weight gain - May be helpful in patients with poor appetite or insomnia |
| trazodone | Brand name: Desyrel Class: Atypical antidepressant Indication: Depression; insomnia Pearls: - Causes sedation; commonly used off-label for sleep |
| phenelzine | Brand name: Nardil Class: MAOI Indication: Treatment-resistant depression Pearls: - Dietary restriction: Avoid tyramine-rich foods (e.g., aged cheeses, cured meats, chocolate, wine) - Risk of hypertensive crisis - Many drug interactions |
| tranylcypromine | Brand name: Parnate Class: MAOI Indication: Treatment-resistant depression Pearls: - Dietary restriction: Avoid tyramine-rich foods (e.g., aged cheeses, cured meats, chocolate, wine) - Risk of hypertensive crisis - Many drug interactions |
| isocarboxazid | Brand name: Marplan Class: MAOI Indication: Treatment-resistant depression Pearls: - Dietary restriction: Avoid tyramine-rich foods (e.g., aged cheeses, cured meats, chocolate, wine) - Risk of hypertensive crisis - Many drug interactions |
| selegiline | Brand name: Emsam Class: MAOI Indication: Treatment-resistant depression Pearls: - Dietary restriction: Avoid tyramine-rich foods (e.g., aged cheeses, cured meats, chocolate, wine) - Risk of hypertensive crisis - Many drug interactions |
| haloperidol | Brand name: Haldol Class: Typical (first-generation) antipsychotic Indication: Schizophrenia Pearls: - High risk of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) (e.g., dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism) - Benztropine is often prescribed to manage EPS |
| aripiprazole | Brand name: Abilify Class: Atypical (second-generation) antipsychotic Indication: Schizophrenia Pearls: - Second-generation agents have a lower risk of EPS compared with first-generation - “-azole” suffix ≠ antifungal |
| clozapine | Brand name: Clozaril Class: Atypical (second-generation) antipsychotic Indication: Treatment-resistant schizophrenia Pearls: - Risk of agranulocytosis; requires regular CBC monitoring; REMS program required |
| lurasidone | Brand name: Latuda Class: Atypical (second-generation) antipsychotic Indication: Schizophrenia Pearls: - Second-generation agents have a lower risk of EPS compared with first-generation |
| olanzapine | Brand name: Zyprexa Class: Atypical (second-generation) antipsychotic Indication: Schizophrenia Pearls: - ADR: Sedation, weight gain, hyperglycemia, and metabolic syndrome - Monitor weight, glucose, and lipids - LAI formulation has a REMS program |
| paliperidone | Brand name: Invega Class: Atypical (second-generation) antipsychotic Indication: Schizophrenia Pearls: - Second-generation agents have a lower risk of EPS compared with first-generation |
| quetiapine | Brand name: Seroquel Class: Atypical (second-generation) antipsychotic Indication: Schizophrenia Pearls: - Second-generation agents have a lower risk of EPS compared with first-generation - Causes sedation; often dosed at bedtime |
| risperidone | Brand name: Risperdal Class: Atypical (second-generation) antipsychotic Indication: Schizophrenia Pearls: - Second-generation agents have a lower risk of EPS compared with first-generation |
| gabapentin | Brand name: Neurontin Class: Anticonvulsant Indication: Epilepsy; nerve pain Pearls: - Often used for nerve pain, not effective for acute pain relief - Not a controlled substance at the federal level - Some states classify it as controlled |
| pregabalin | Brand name: Lyrica Class: Anticonvulsant Indication: Epilepsy; nerve pain Pearls: - Often used for nerve pain, not effective for acute pain - DEA Schedule V |
| topiramate | Brand name: Topamax Class: Anticonvulsant Indication: Epilepsy; migraine prophylaxis Pearls: - Often used to prevent migraines - Hazardous drug - Avoid in pregnancy (teratogenic) |
| divalproex | Brand name: Depakote Class: Anticonvulsant Indication: Epilepsy Pearls: - Hazardous drug - Avoid in pregnancy (teratogenic) |
| phenytoin | Brand name: Dilantin Class: Anticonvulsant Indication: Epilepsy Pearls: - Narrow therapeutic index (NTI) drug |
| lamotrigine | Brand name: Lamictal Class: Anticonvulsant Indication: Epilepsy Pearls: - Risk of serious rash (Stevens–Johnson syndrome), especially with rapid dose escalation - Must be titrated slowly |
| levetiracetam | Brand name: Keppra Class: Anticonvulsant Indication: Epilepsy Pearls: |
| calcium carbonate | Brand name: Tums Class: Antacid Indication: Heartburn Pearls: - Used for immediate, short-term relief - Can interfere with absorption of other medications (separate from other meds by ≥2 hours) - Also used as a calcium supplement |
| magnesium hydroxide | Brand name: Milk of Magnesia; Maalox Class: Antacid Indication: Heartburn Pearls: - Used for immediate, short-term relief - Can interfere with absorption of other medications (separate from other meds by ≥2 hours) |
| aluminum hydroxide | Brand name: Mylanta Class: Antacid Indication: Heartburn Pearls: - Used for immediate, short-term relief - Can interfere with absorption of other medications (separate from other meds by ≥2 hours) |
| famotidine | Brand name: Pepcid Class: Histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonist Indication: GERD Pearls: - Also available OTC - Not for immediate symptom relief |
| cimetidine | Brand name: Tagamet Class: Histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonist Indication: GERD Pearls: - Also available OTC - Not for immediate symptom relief |
| ranitidine | Brand name: Zantac Class: Histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonist Indication: GERD Pearls: - Removed from U.S. market due to NDMA contamination; unlikely to appear on PTCE |
| omeprazole | Brand name: Prilosec Class: PPI (Proton pump inhibitor) Indication: GERD Pearls: - Take 30-60 minutes before breakfast - Not for immediate relief - “-azole” suffix ≠ antifungal - Also available OTC |
| esomeprazole | Brand name: Nexium Class: PPI (Proton pump inhibitor) Indication: GERD Pearls: - Take 30-60 minutes before breakfast - Not for immediate relief - “-azole” suffix ≠ antifungal - Also available OTC |
| lansoprazole | Brand name: Prevacid Class: PPI (Proton pump inhibitor) Indication: GERD Pearls: - Take 30-60 minutes before breakfast - Not for immediate relief - “-azole” suffix ≠ antifungal - Also available OTC |
| pantoprazole | Brand name: Protonix Class: PPI (Proton pump inhibitor) Indication: GERD Pearls: - Take 30-60 minutes before breakfast - Not for immediate relief - “-azole” suffix ≠ antifungal - Also available OTC |
| ondansetron | Brand name: Zofran Class: Antiemetic (5-HT3 receptor antagonist) Indication: Nausea / vomiting Pearls: - Commonly used for chemotherapy and radiation induced nausea |
| meclizine | Brand name: Antivert Class: Antiemetic; antihistamine Indication: Nausea; vomiting; vertigo Pearls: - Commonly used to treat motion sickness |
| metoclopramide | Brand name: Reglan Class: Antiemetic Indication: Nausea / vomiting Pearls: |
| prochlorperazine | Brand name: Compazine Class: Antiemetic Indication: Nausea / vomiting Pearls: |
| bisacodyl | Brand name: Dulcolax Class: Stimulant laxative Indication: Constipation Pearls: - Also available OTC - Not intended for long-term use |
| docusate | Brand name: Doc-Q-Lace; Colace Class: Stool softener Indication: Constipation Pearls: - Also available OTC - Safe for long-term use |
| polyethylene glycol | Brand name: Miralax Class: Osmotic laxative Indication: Constipation Pearls: - Abbreviation: PEG - Also available OTC - Draws water into stool - Safe for long-term use |
| lubiprostone | Brand name: Amitiza Class: Laxative medication Indication: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Pearls: - Used for chronic constipation and IBS |
| linaclotide | Brand name: Linzess Class: Laxative medication Indication: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Pearls: |
| loperamide | Brand name: Imodium AD Class: Antidiarrheal (opioid receptor agonist) Indication: Diarrhea Pearls: - Available OTC |
| sucralfate | Brand name: Carafate Class: Gastrointestinal protectant Indication: Peptic ulcer disease Pearls: - Forms a protective barrier over ulcers - Take on an empty stomach - Can bind other medications, separate dosing by at least 2 hours |
| simethicone | Brand name: Gas-X Class: Antiflatulent Indication: Relief of gas and bloating Pearls: - Available OTC - Breaks up gas bubbles in the GI tract - Take after meals |
| sumatriptan | Brand name: Imitrex Class: Triptan (serotonin 5-HT1 receptor agonist) Indication: Acute migraine attacks Pearls: - Not for migraine prevention - Available formulations: oral tablets, nasal spray, SQ injection |
| benztropine | Brand name: Cogentin Class: Anticholinergic Indication: Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS); Parkinson’s disease Pearls: - Used to treat drug-induced EPS from antipsychotics - ADR: Dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and urinary retention |
| ropinirole | Brand name: Ropinirole Class: Dopamine agonist Indication: Parkinson’s disease; restless leg syndrome (RLS) Pearls: |
| pramipexole | Brand name: Mirapex Class: Dopamine agonist Indication: Parkinson’s disease; restless leg syndrome (RLS) Pearls: |
| phentermine | Brand name: Adipex-P Class: Appetite suppressant Indication: Weight management Pearls: - DEA Schedule IV - ADR: Increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, insomnia, and nervousness - Take in the morning |
| methotrexate | Brand name: Trexall Class: Immunosuppressant Indication: Rheumatoid arthritis; cancer Pearls: - Abbreviation: MTX - Hazardous drug - Contraindicated in pregnancy; teratogenic - Typically dosed once weekly for non-cancer indications |
| disulfiram | Brand name: Antabuse Class: Alcohol deterrent Indication: Alcohol use disorder Pearls: - Causes severe reaction with alcohol (flushing, N/V, hypotension) - Avoid all forms of alcohol - Reaction can occur up to 14 days after the last dose |
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