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STATES OF CONSCIOUSN
psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Is wakefulness the same as consciousness? | False. Wakefulness is a state of the body, mind, and bio‑energies, but it is not consciousness. |
| Why is wakefulness not considered consciousness in Yogic terminology? | Because what people call “consciousness” is actually jagruti (wakefulness), which is only a physical/mental state, not true consciousness. |
| What is consciousness? | The awareness of sensations, thoughts, and feelings at a given moment (waking consciousness). |
| What are altered states of consciousness? | States experienced during sleep, hypnosis, or under the influence of drugs. |
| Five Stages of Sleep: What happens in Stage 1 sleep? | It is the transition between wakefulness and sleep. |
| five stages of sleep: What happens in Stage 2 sleep? | Body temperature starts to decrease and heart rate begins to slow Makes up about ½ of early twenty- somethings’ sleep Become less and less responsive to outside stimulation |
| What happens to brain waves in Stage 3? | Brain waves become slower |
| Stage 4 | Deepest stage of sleep where people are least responsive to outside stimuli Bed-wetting and sleepwalking are most likely to occur at the end of stage 4 sleep. |
| How much of adult sleep is REM? | A little over 20%. |
| What are key features of REM sleep? | Rapid eye movement Increased/irregular heart rate Increased blood pressure Increased breathing rate Erections in males Most vivid dreams Paralysis of the body |
| Freud’s Unconscious Wish Fulfillment Theory What did Freud believe dreams represent? | Unconscious wishes dreamers want fulfilled. |
| What is latent content? | The disguised meaning of a dream. |
| What is manifest content? | The true subject of the dream. |
| Dreams‑for‑Survival Theory What does the evolutionary theory say about dreams? | Dreams help us reconsider and process information critical for daily survival. |
| Activation‑Synthesis Theory What does the neuroscience explanation say about dreams? | Random electrical energy during REM stimulates memories that form a storyline |
| What does the storyline reveal? | The dreamer’s fears, emotions, and concerns. |
| Sleep Disturbances Who is most affected by insomnia? | 1/3 of people; more common in women, older adults, and depressed individuals. |
| What is sleep apnea? | Difficulty breathing during sleep, causing frequent waking. |
| What is sudden infant death syndrome possibly linked to? | Sleep apnea in babies. |
| When do night terrors occur and in whom? | Stage 4; children ages 3–8. |
| What is narcolepsy? | Uncontrollable sleep episodes while awake; runs in families. |
| When do sleepwalking and talking occur? | Stage 4; more common in children. |
| Circadian Rhythms What are circadian rhythms? | Biological processes occurring on a 24‑hour cycle. |
| What controls circadian rhythms? | A function of the hypothalamus. |
| Why are circadian rhythms important? | Understanding them helps treat sleep disorders. |
| Hypnosis What is hypnosis? | A trance‑like state of heightened susceptibility to suggestions. |
| Can people be hypnotized against their will? | No |
| What traits make hypnosis possible? | Exceptional concentration and absorption. |
| What are practical uses of hypnosis? | Pain control Reducing/quitting smoking Treating anxiety Assisting law enforcement Improving athletic performance |
| What is meditation? | A learned technique for refocusing attention, creating an altered state of consciousness |
| What physical changes occur during meditation? | Decreased oxygen use, heart rate, and blood pressure. |
| What is a mantra? | A repeated sound, word, or syllable. |
| What can meditation focus on? | A picture, flame, or body part. |
| Psychoactive Drugs What are psychoactive drugs? | Substances (e.g., coffee, alcohol) that influence emotions, perceptions, and behavior. |
| What do psychoactive drugs cause? | Altered states of consciousness. |
| Addiction What are addictive drugs? | Drugs that produce biological or psychological dependence. |
| What happens during withdrawal? | Cravings for the drug. |
| What is biological addiction? | The body cannot function without the drug. |
| What is psychological addiction? | Belief that the drug is needed to cope with life. |
| How Drugs Affect the Nervous System How do drugs affect neurotransmitters? | They may block/enhance release, block receipt/removal, or mimic neurotransmitters |
| Stimulants What do stimulants do? | Increase heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tension. |
| Examples of stimulants? | Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine. |
| What are amphetamines? | Strong stimulants producing elation and vigor, followed by fatigue and depression. |
| What conditions are stimulants used to treat? | Narcolepsy and ADHD (e.g., Ritalin). |
| Cocaine What are short‑term effects of cocaine? | Elation, energy, confidence, alertness. |
| How does cocaine work? | Blocks reabsorption of dopamine. |
| What are long‑term effects? | Insomnia, appetite loss, paranoia, social isolation. |
| Depressants What do depressants do? | Slow the nervous system by slowing neuron firing. |
| Depressants Light vs. heavy use effects? | Light: euphoria/relaxation Heavy: impaired motor control and memory |
| Depressants Examples? | Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines. |
| Chronic Alcohol Use Long‑term effects of alcohol? | Dementia, fetal alcohol syndrome, liver disease, pancreatitis, cardiovascular disorders. |
| Opiates / Narcotics What do narcotics do? | Increase relaxation and relieve pain/anxiety. |
| Are narcotics addictive? | yes Very |
| narcotics Examples? | Morphine (medical), heroin (illegal). |
| Opioids Effects of low doses? | Euphoria, drowsiness, slowed breathing |
| Opioids Effects of high doses? | Death |
| Opioids Withdrawal symptoms? | Nausea, vomiting, chills, muscle aches, diarrhea, insomnia. |
| Opioids Risks? | High HIV risk; high mortality. |
| Hallucinogens What do hallucinogens do? | Alter perception; may cause delusions, paranoia, hallucinations. |
| Hallucinogens Examples? | Cannabis, MDMA (ecstasy), LSD. |
| Marijuana What is THC? | thc is the active chemical in marijuana. |
| THC Effects? | Increased dopamine, euphoria, magnified feelings, possible motivation issues. |
| Ecstasy What does ecstasy do? | Releases serotonin then dopamine; increases energy, euphoria, reduces inhibitions. |
| LSD What does LSD do? | Increases dopamine; can cause delusions and hallucinations. |
| Other Drugs of Abuse | inhalants |
| Examples of inhalants? | Spray paint, hair spray, paint thinner, gasoline. |
| inhalants Long‑term effects? | Aggression, antisocial behavior, organ damage. |
| Steroids What are steroids derived from? | Synthetic testosterone. |
| Why do people misuse steroids? | To increase body mass or athletic ability |
| Steroids Long‑term effects? | Mood issues, aggression, insomnia, paranoia, heart/liver damage, urinary problems, joint pain, balding. |
| Causes of Substance‑Related Disorders Is substance abuse genetic? | Yes, it has a genetic component. |
| How does reinforcement play a role? | Drugs affect reward centers and provide escape from stress/pain |
| What social factors influence drug use? | Exposure, media, peers, parents, and family. |
Created by:
oliviavanwort
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