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Bio Test
biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three components of the cytoskeleton? | microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
| microtubules | thick |
| microfilaments | thin |
| intermediate filaments | middle |
| Prokaryotes | first single celled organism |
| What is a mass extinction event? | large number of species go extinct |
| How many mass extinctions have occured? | 5, but scientists believe we're living through one currently |
| How long does it take life to recover after an extinction? | 5-10 million years |
| Why is our time considered as another extinction event? | Human caused mass extinction |
| What is the definition of a cell? | Organelles basic unit of structure and function |
| What do Prokaryotes have that Eukaryotic Cells Don't? | no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, small, nucleoid, genetic material |
| What do Eukaryotic Cells have that Prokaryotes don't? | nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, more complex DNA structures |
| What do Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells have in common? | Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, and Genetic Materia |
| Why are membranes so important to function? | Barrier that lets in nutrients and lets out waste and provides organization inside the cell |
| Nucleus | holds genetic material and control center |
| Ribosome | makes protein, RNA |
| Rough ER | contain bound ribosomes |
| Smooth ER | store calcium, chemical detox, and make lipids |
| Golgi Apparatus | store and package materials |
| Lysosomes | digest macromolecules, fluid-filled enzyme sac |
| Vacuoles | storage |
| Mitochondria | powerhouse of the cell, helps with cellular respiration and chemical energy conversion |
| Chloroplasts | found in plants and algae, turns sunlight into ATP |
| Peroxisomes | oxidize chemicals |
| What is a clade? | A clade is a group of species that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants. |
| What is the Cambrian Explosion, and why is it considered a major milestone in the history of life on Earth? | worldwide natural disaster that made a lot of animals go extinct or lessen in population but made a new wave of organisms appear. It's a milestone bc it brought diversity to the organisms, new species and characteristics. |
| What is the difference between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction? | Asexual reproduction involves 1 parent and produces an identical offspring, and sexual reproduction involves 2 parents and produces offspring with genetic variation. |
| What is phylogeny, and what does it describe? | Phylogeny is evolutionary history, and it describes the relationship between species or a group of organisms. |
| Which cell organelle digests macromolecules? | lysosomes |
| Describe what homologous chromosomes are. | Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that have the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern. They are essential for sexual reproduction. |
| Describe the early conditions of Earth. | Early Earth had little oxygen, lots of water vapor, and frequent chemical reactions |
| What are the three domains of the domain system? | archaea, bacteria, and eukarya |
| What re the remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes called? | autosomes |
| What's Carbon Dating and how does it estimate the age of fossils? | Carbon Dating is the ration of Carbon-14 and Carbon-12. We can estimate the age of a fossil by the ration between Carbon-14/Carbon-12. Carbon-14 is seen as radioactive |
| First Step of Mitosis: | Interphase |
| Interphase | DNA replication |
| Second Step of Mitosis: | Prophase |
| Prophase | pair up |
| Third Step of Mitosis: | Metaphase |
| Metaphase | middle |
| Fourth Step of Mitosis: | Anaphase |
| Anaphase | pulled apart |
| Fifth Step of Mitosis: | pinching |
| Mitosis: | somatic cell divison, two identical daughter cells |
| Meiosis: | two cell divisons, results in four daughter cells |
| Contribution to Genetic Variation: | independent assortment of chromoes, crossing over, and fertilization |
| Somatic Cell | body cell |
| Gametes | sperm or ovum (eggs) |
| Chromatid | single, double stranded DNA that forms part of a chromosome |
| animal cells have: | no cell wall |
| plant cells have: | cell walls made of cellulose fibers |
| pangea | supercontinent |
| Hierarchical Classifications in Linnaean System: (largest to smallest) | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| How did oxygen accumulate in Earth’s Atmosphere? | Prokaryotes cells did photosynthesis (waste product is O2) the oxygen combine with minerals in the ocean creating carbonates (CO3) eventually the ocean became saturated, and the oxygen went to the air. |
| myosin | thick |
| actin | thin |
| three types of vacoules? | food, contractile, central |
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