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Chapter 3 Exam 1
PSYC 372
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| why do people comply with norms? | because of coordination, social pressure, symbolism |
| what is social norm marketing? | changing peoples misperceptions by offering correct normative information |
| what is personalized normative feedback? | offering people normative information about how they are behaving in relation to others around them |
| what is social cognition? | the mental process associated with thinking about ourselves and others |
| what are the four core processes of social cognition? | attention, interpretation, judgement and memory |
| what determines what we pay attention to? | goals determine what we attend to |
| what is interpretation? | assigning meaning to information |
| what is judgement? | using information to make decisions and impressions |
| what is efficiency? | conserving mental effort |
| what is image? | self-enhancement and self-protection |
| what is accuracy? | understanding the self and others |
| what do we use to process information efficiently? | we use cognitive shortcuts. their strategies that help us make "good enough" judgements |
| what are expectations? | beliefs about what we can anticipate from people and situations around us |
| what is confirmation bias? | when we attend to and seek information that confirms our expectations |
| how can expectations not be helpful? | they can lead to stereotypes and stereotype threat as well as self-fulfilling prophecy |
| what is the self-fulfilling prophecy? | inaccurate expectations lead to actions that cause those expectations to come true |
| what are dispositional inferences? | tendency to use peoples behavior as indicator of their personalities (belief that the behavior was caused by the characteristic of the person) |
| what is the fundamental attribution error? | tendency to overestimate characteristics of the person as a cause for someone else's behavior and underestimate the situation as a cause for their behavior |
| what thinking style do western cultures have? | analytic thinking style |
| what thinking style do eastern cultures have? | holistic thinking style |
| what is representativeness heuristic? | categorizing something based on how similar it is to a typical case from that category |
| what is social categorization theory? | tendency to classify others into social categories on the basis of visible features |
| what is the availability heuristic? | tendency to use the most available information to estimate an event |
| what is the anchoring and adjustment heuristic? | using a rough estimate as a starting point and then adjusting the estimate to account for situational factors |
| what is the false consensus effect? | tendency to overestimate the extent to which others hold our same view (underestimate how much others disagree with us!) |
| what is need for structure? | extent to which people are motivated to simplify and organize information in our mental and physical environment |
| what is need for cognition? | extent to which people are motivated to engage in effortful thinking |
| what are complex situations? | situations that present a high volume of information which leads to more usage of cognitive shortcuts |
| what is time pressure? | leads to more usage of cognitive shortcuts |
| what is downward social comparison? | comparing to others who are less well off |
| what is upward social comparison? | comparing to others who are better off |
| what is self-serving bias? | taking persona credit for successes; blaming failures on external sources |
| what is learned helplessness? | lost ability to avoid or escape undesirable circumstances |
| what are attribution theories? | theories designed to explain how people determine the causes of behavior |
| what does the correspondent inference theory say? | it proposes that wheter a behavior is linked to a persons internal disposition can be determined by clues within the situation |
| what is the discounting theory? | as the number of possible causes of a behavior or event increase, our confidence that any particular cause is true should decrease |
| what is the augmenting principle? | if an event occurs despite the presence of strong opposing forces, we can be more confident that the event occured due to causes favoring the behavior or event. |
| what is kelleys covariation model? | we look for situational clues using consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency. |
| what is consensus? | do other people behave in similar ways? |
| what is distinctiveness? | does the actor behave similarly in similar situations? |
| what is consistency? | does the actor behave similarly across time in the same situation? |
Created by:
anaelc
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