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digital image characteristics and acquisition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) | A measure of the imaging system's ability to reproduce the contrast of an object at different spatial frequencies. |
| Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE) | A metric that describes the efficiency of an imaging system in converting the incident x-ray photons into a useful image. |
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) | A measure that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background noise, indicating image quality. |
| Contrast-to-Noise Ratio (CNR) | A measure that compares the contrast of an object to the noise in the image, influencing the visibility of structures. |
| Computed Radiography (CR) | A digital imaging process that uses a photostimulable phosphor plate to capture and store image data. |
| Digital Radiography (DR) | A digital imaging process that uses flat-panel detectors to directly capture and convert x-ray images into digital data. |
| Spatial Frequency | The level of detail in an image, defined as the number of cycles of a repeating pattern per unit distance. |
| Spatial Resolution | The ability of an imaging system to distinguish small details in an image. |
| Dynamic Range | The range of exposure levels that an imaging system can accurately capture, from the darkest to the brightest areas. |
| Dose Area Product (DAP) | A measure of the total amount of radiation delivered to a patient, calculated as the product of the dose and the area irradiated. |
| Exposure Latitude | The range of exposures that will produce acceptable image quality, indicating the system's tolerance to variations in exposure. |
| Field of View (FOV) | The extent of the observable area that can be captured in an image. |
| Fill Factor | The ratio of the sensitive area of a detector element to the total area of the detector element. |
| Grayscale | A range of shades of gray used to represent the intensity of the image data. |
| Imaging Plate (IP) | A device used in computed radiography to capture and store image data. |
| Photostimulable Phosphor (PSP) | A material that stores x-ray energy and releases it as light when stimulated, used in CR systems. |
| Pixel Density | The number of pixels per unit area in an image, affecting the detail and clarity of the image. |
| Pixel Pitch | The distance between the centers of two adjacent pixels, influencing spatial resolution. |
| Sampling Frequency | The rate at which an analog signal is sampled to convert it into a digital signal. |
| Scintillator | A material that emits light when it absorbs ionizing radiation, used in some digital imaging systems. |
| Nyquist Frequency | The minimum sampling rate required to accurately reconstruct a signal without aliasing. |
| CR Fading | The loss of image data over time in a computed radiography system due to the decay of the stored signal. |
| Detector Elements (DELS) | The individual sensing units in a digital detector that capture x-ray photons. |
| Kerma Area Product (KAP) | A measure of the radiation dose delivered to a specific area, taking into account the energy of the radiation. |
| Digital image | A digital image is recorded as a matrix or combination of rows and columns (array) of small, usually square, 'picture elements' called pixels. |
| Pixel | Smallest component of the matrix; a greater number of smaller pixels improves spatial resolution. |
| Pixel size | Size of a pixel is measured in microns (100 microns = 0.1 mm). |
| Spatial domain | The location of the pixel within the image matrix corresponds to an area within the patient or volume of tissue. |
| Matrix size | A matrix size of 1024 × 1024 has 1,048,576 individual pixels; a matrix size of 2048 x 2048 has 4,194,304 pixels. |
| Exposure field of view (FOV) | Dimensions of an anatomic area displayed on the computer monitor. |
| Pixel bit depth | Number of bits that determines the precision with which the exit radiation is recorded and controls the exact pixel brightness that can be displayed. |
| Formula for pixel size | Pixel size = FOV / Matrix size. |
| Direct relationship | If the FOV displayed on the monitor is increased for a fixed matrix size, then the pixel size is also increased. |
| Inverse relationship | If the matrix size is increased for a fixed FOV, then the pixel size is decreased. |
| Numerical value assigned to pixels | The numerical value assigned to each pixel is determined by the relative attenuation of x-rays passing through the corresponding volume of tissue. |
| Highly attenuating tissues | Pixels representing highly attenuating tissues (increased absorption) such as bone are assigned a different numerical value for higher brightness. |
| Low x-ray attenuation tissues | Pixels representing tissues of low x-ray attenuation (decreased absorption) are assigned a different numerical value for lower brightness. |
| FOV and pixel size relationship | Increasing the FOV displayed for the same matrix size will increase the size of the pixel and decrease spatial resolution. |
| Matrix size and pixel size relationship | Increasing the matrix size for the same FOV displayed will decrease the pixel size and increase spatial resolution. |
| Displayed FOV example | Displayed FOV = 17 inches (431.8 mm) and matrix size = 1024 results in a pixel size of 0.42 mm. |
| Decreased FOV example | If the FOV displayed was decreased to 12 inches (304.8 mm) for the same matrix size of 1024, the pixel size would be 0.30 mm. |
| Increased matrix size example | If the matrix size was increased to 2048 for the same FOV displayed of 431.8 mm, the pixel size would be 0.21 mm. |
| Improvement of digital image quality | Digital image quality is improved with a larger matrix size that includes a greater number of smaller pixels. |
| Computer processing time | Computer processing time, network transmission time, and digital storage space increase as the matrix size increases. |
| Bit depth | The number of bits that determines the amount of precision in digitizing the analog signal and the number of shades of gray that can be displayed in the image. |
| Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) | An integral component of every digital imaging system that determines the bit depth. |
| Binary system | A system that uses combinations of zeros and ones to process and store information. |
| Contrast resolution | The ability to distinguish among small anatomic areas of interest in an image, improved by a greater number of shades of gray. |
| Shades of gray | The different levels of brightness displayed in a digital image, determined by the bit depth. |
| 12-bit depth | Can display 4096 shades of gray. |
| 14-bit depth | Can display 16,384 shades of gray. |
| 16-bit depth | Can display 65,536 shades of gray. |
| Resolution test pattern | A device used to record and measure line pairs in imaging systems. |
| Small objects in imaging | Have higher spatial frequency. |
| Large objects in imaging | Have lower spatial frequency. |
| Brightness levels | Variations from white to black displayed in radiographic images. |
| Bits | The basic unit of information in a computer, represented as 0 or 1. |
| Byte | Formed by combining 8 bits. |
| Word | Formed by combining 2 bytes. |
| Improved spatial resolution | Achieved by increasing pixel density and decreasing pixel pitch. |
| Decreased spatial resolution | Resulting from decreasing pixel density and increasing pixel pitch. |
| Digital image composition | Composed of discrete information in the form of pixels that display various shades of gray. |
| Wide dynamic range | Digital IRS have a wide dynamic range, meaning a small degree of underexposure or overexposure would still result in diagnostic image quality. |
| Pixel values | During digitization of the image, a numerical value is assigned to the pixel that represents an x-ray intensity based on the attenuation characteristics of that volume of tissue. |
| 14-bit dynamic range | If the digital IR can capture more than 16,000 x-ray intensities exiting the patient, the pixel bit depth is 14. |
| 16-bit dynamic range | If the digital IR can capture over 65,000 x-ray intensities exiting the patient, the bit depth would be 16. |
| Image rescaling | The image rescaling that occurs during the processing stage can produce images with the appropriate brightness levels. |
| Line pair | A line pair is a high-contrast line separated by an interspace of equal width. |
| lp/mm | Increasing the number of lp/mm resolved by the imaging system results in improved spatial resolution. |
| Imaging system performance | An imaging system that can resolve high spatial frequency has improved spatial resolution. |
| Diagnostic image quality | The ability to produce diagnostic images without insufficient or excessive exposure to the IR is crucial for radiographers. |
| Automatic exposure control (AEC) | AEC may not be available in situations such as mobile radiography, requiring careful selection of exposure techniques. |
| Radiographic image processing | Processing the digital data yields a radiographic image that can be viewed on a display monitor and altered in various ways. |
| Spatial frequency impact | The images of the wrist demonstrate the impact that pixel size has on the spatial resolution visualized in an image. |
| Underexposure | A small degree of underexposure would still result in diagnostic image quality in digital imaging systems. |
| Overexposure | A small degree of overexposure would still result in diagnostic image quality in digital imaging systems. |
| High spatial frequency | It is more difficult to accurately image small anatomic objects (high spatial frequency) than to image large ones (low spatial frequency). |
| Air kerma | Kinetic energy released in matter, specifying the intensity of x-rays at a given point in air at a known distance from the focal spot. |
| High contrast | Anatomic detail best visualized when the brightness level of the object is different than its surrounding tissue. |
| Low spatial frequency | Larger-sized objects that are more easily visualized in a radiographic image. |
| Radiation exposure | The amount of radiation used during imaging that can affect image quality and patient safety. |
| Patient overexposure | Excessive radiation exposure to a patient that can occur when using higher-than-necessary exposure techniques. |
| Diagnostic digital image | An image produced that is suitable for diagnosis, requiring appropriate exposure selection. |
| Quality image | An image that accurately represents the anatomical structures with sufficient detail and contrast. |
| X-ray beam area | The area of the x-ray beam at the entrance of the patient, relevant for calculating KAP. |
| Radiographic image | An image created through the process of radiography, displaying anatomical structures. |
| Collimator | A device used to narrow the x-ray beam and limit exposure to the patient. |
| Recording system | Any system that captures and reproduces images, including radiography. |
| Fidelity | The accuracy with which a recording system reproduces the original image or sound. |
| Vinyl record | A medium used in the recording industry to capture sound with high fidelity. |
| Copying system | A system designed to reproduce documents or images as closely as possible to the original. |
| Exposure factors | Parameters that influence the amount of radiation exposure during imaging. |
| Radiation risk | The potential harm to patients from exposure to radiation during imaging procedures. |
| Dose monitoring | The process of tracking and managing the amount of radiation exposure a patient receives. |
| MTF of 1 (100%) | Signifies the image of an object that exactly represents its features in terms of contrast and spatial resolution. |
| 100% DQE | Indicates that an IR system can convert X-ray exposure into a quality image with no information loss. |
| Impact of DQE on Radiation Exposure | A higher DQE requires less x-ray exposure to produce a quality radiographic image. |
| Materials Impacting DQE | The type of material used in the IR to capture exit radiation affects the DQE value. |
| Quantum Noise | Results when there are too few x-ray photons captured by the IR to create the raw image data. |
| Electronic Noise | Noise that originates from the electronics that capture, process, and display the digital image. |
| Visibility of Anatomic Tissues | Affected by the SNR; increased noise decreases visibility of anatomic details. |
| Improving Image Quality | Increasing the SNR improves the quality of the digital image. |
| Decreasing SNR | Leads to increased noise compared with the strength of the signal, degrading image quality. |
| Objectionable Noise | Noise that interferes with the visibility of anatomic details in a digital image. |
| High MTF | Indicates an imaging system's ability to display anatomic detail with improved visibility. |
| Low MTF | Indicates that most digital imaging systems measure lower than 1.0. |
| Amorphous Selenium (a-Se) | Has a higher DQE at higher kilovoltage peak levels compared to other materials. |
| Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) | Uses cesium iodide (CSI) as a scintillator and has a lower DQE compared to a-Se. |
| Test Instruments for MTF | Used to assess and quantify the MTF of a system by measuring spatial and contrast resolution. |
| Image Quality and SNR Relationship | Increasing SNR increases visibility of anatomic details, while decreasing SNR decreases visibility. |
| Brightness or signal differences | Result from varying exit radiation intensities from the attenuation of the x-ray beam in anatomic tissue (differential absorption). |
| High-contrast resolution | A system with higher-contrast resolution means that anatomic tissues that attenuate the x-ray beam similarly can be better visualized. |
| Low subject contrast | Tissues that attenuate the x-ray beam similarly, which can be poorly visualized if the image has increased noise. |
| Digital images with higher CNR | Increase the visibility of anatomic tissues. |
| IMPORTANT RELATIONSHIP | Increasing the CNR increases the visibility of anatomic details, whereas decreasing the CNR decreases the visibility. |
| Digital IRS | Different types of digital IRS use various methods of transforming the continuous exit radiation intensities into the array of discrete pixel values for image display. |
| Sampling technique | Used by some image receptor systems, such as CR, to capture remnant radiation intensities. |
| Fixed detector elements (DELS) | Used in digital detectors to capture remnant radiation intensities. |
| Spatial resolution determinants | Sampling frequency, pixel size, DEL size, and pixel spacing. |
| Types of digital IRs | Typically include Computed Radiography (CR) and Digital Radiography (DR). |
| Luminescence | The emission of light when stimulated by radiation. |
| Photostimulable luminescence | The phenomenon where the photostimulable phosphor emits visible light when stimulated. |
| Storage phosphor technology | Refers to CR since the photon energy is stored in atomic band gaps in the barium fluorohalide atomic structure. |
| Cross-section of PSP plate | Includes protective layer, phosphor layer, reflective layer, conductive layer, and support layer. |
| Turbid phosphor | A phosphor layer with a random distribution of phosphor crystals, usable with both CR and DR IRS. |
| Structured phosphor layer | A phosphor layer with columnar phosphor crystals resembling needles, packed together. |
| Reflective layer | A layer that reflects light released during the reading phase toward the photodetector. |
| Conductive layer | A layer that reduces and conducts away static electricity. |
| Support layer | A sturdy material that provides rigidity to the plate. |
| Soft backing layer | A layer that protects the back of the plate and prevents backscatter from fogging the phosphor layer. |
| Image capture in the IP | The first step in CR imaging where raw image data are formed in the PSP by absorbing exit x-ray intensities. |
| Image readout | The second step in CR imaging where the acquired raw image data are extracted and processed. |
| Photoelectric effect | The process by which europium atoms become ionized when x-ray intensities are absorbed by the phosphor. |
| Conduction band | An energy level just beyond the valence band where trapped electrons are stored. |
| Valence band | The outermost energy band of an atom. |
| Stored energy loss | Nearly 25% of the stored energy in the CR PSP is lost after 8 hours. |
| Reader unit | A device that converts analog data from the exposed IP into an electronic data set for computer processing. |
| Drive mechanism | A component of the reader unit that moves the IP through the scanning process. |
| Optical system | Includes the laser, beam-shaping optics, collecting optics, and optical filters in a reader unit. |
| Photodetector | A device, such as a photomultiplier tube (PMT), that detects light in the reader unit. |
| ADC | Analog-to-digital converter, a component that digitizes the data in the reader unit. |
| Scanning | The first stage in digitizing CR raw data where the IP is scanned. |
| Sampling | The second stage in digitizing CR raw data where the data is sampled. |
| Quantization | The third stage in digitizing CR raw data where the sampled data is quantized. |
| Stacker | A device used to arrange and organize imaging plates. |
| Erasure | The process of removing stored image data from an imaging plate. |
| Unit | A component or device that performs a specific function in a system. |
| Laser | A device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. |
| Image reader | A device that reads and converts raw image data from an imaging plate into an electronic data set. |
| Laser scanner | A device that uses a laser beam to scan an imaging plate and convert the stored energy into a visible digital image. |
| Computed Radiography (CR) reader unit | A unit that releases stored raw image data from an imaging plate and converts it into an electronic data set. |
| Photomultiplier tube | A device that collects, amplifies, and converts light into an electrical signal. |
| Aliasing | An improper waveform that results from low sampling frequency, considered an image artifact. |
| Amplitude | The height of a wave, representing the strength of the signal. |
| Analog signal | A continuous signal that represents physical measurements. |
| Sampling pitch | The distance between sampling points in the process of digitizing an analog signal. |
| Motor | A device that provides mechanical movement in the reader unit. |
| Light guide | A component that directs light from the imaging plate to the photodetector. |
| Optical scanner | A device that scans an image using light to convert it into a digital format. |
| Laser beam | A concentrated beam of light produced by a laser. |
| Image matrix size | The number of pixels in an image, which is proportional to the imaging plate (IP) size when spatial resolution is fixed. |
| Fixed sampling frequency | A method where the sampling frequency is constant to maintain a fixed spatial resolution. |
| Fixed matrix size | A method where the matrix size remains constant, affecting the sampling frequency based on the IP size. |
| CR system | Computed Radiography system that uses imaging plates to capture and store images for later readout. |
| PSP | Photostimulable Phosphor, a type of imaging plate used in CR systems that can be reused. |
| Self-scanning readout mechanism | A feature of DR systems that uses x-ray detectors to convert radiation into electronic signals for digitization. |
| Exposure FOV | Field of View during exposure, which affects the spatial resolution based on the size of the imaging plate. |
| Residual energy | Energy left in the imaging plate after exposure, which can affect future image captures. |
| Life of PSP | Estimated to be 10,000 readings before requiring replacement. |
| Advancements in CR | Improvements in PSP material, laser technology, and dual-sided scanning that enhance CR image acquisition. |
| Two-step image acquisition process | The method used in CR that involves capturing an image and then reading it, resulting in a delay. |
| Larger pixel size | Results from increasing the imaging plate size in a fixed matrix size system, leading to decreased spatial resolution. |
| CR | A two-step image acquisition process that results in a longer delay between image capture and image readout. |
| DR | Digital radiography that combines image acquisition and readout processes, resulting in almost instant image availability after exposure. |
| DR receptors | More fragile and expensive than CR IRS. |
| Electronic detectors for DR | Composed of an x-ray converter, a thin-film transistor (TFT) array, and a glass substrate. |
| TFT array | Divided into square detector elements (DELS), each with a capacitor to store electrical charges and a switching transistor for readout. |
| DEL | Detector element that is a charge-collection device with a fixed dimension, expressed in microns. |
| DEL size | Ranges from 200 microns to as small as 60 microns (100 microns = 0.1 mm). |
| Radiographic table | A system that can integrate the detector for imaging. |
| Upright unit | A system that can integrate the detector for imaging. |
| Stand-alone cassette | Referred to as a panel in the context of digital radiography. |
| X-ray sensitive area | Represents each pixel in the image matrix. |
| Digital images | Sent to a computer workstation after exposure. |
| Advancements in FPD technology | Include increasing the fill factor to more than 95% and improved detector materials. |
| External disturbances | Can distort the original signal values, impacting the analog electronic signal. |
| Detector system | Can be integrated into various radiographic systems or used as a stand-alone device. |
| X-ray tube | Part of the digital radiography system that generates x-rays. |
| Signal storage | Integrated into the flat-panel device for efficient readout. |
| Signal readout | Part of the process in digital radiography that allows for image capture. |
| Detector materials | Improved materials that generally require less radiation exposure for optimum image quality. |
| Flat-panel digital detectors | Mobile IRS that can be removed from the table and used on the tabletop or a stretcher. |
| Digital image availability | The digital image is available within seconds on a viewing monitor after exposure. |
| Image processing | No separate reader unit is involved for image processing. |
| Dose efficiency | Flat-panel systems are highly dose efficient and provide quicker access to images compared with CR. |
| Pixel detector | A pixel detector built into the DR flat-panel IR determines the size and pitch of the pixel by the fixed DEL dimension. |
| Indirect conversion detectors | Use a scintillator such as CSI or gadolinium oxysulfide (Gd2O2S) to convert remnant radiation into visible light. |
| Photodetectors | Convert visible light, in proportion to the x-ray exposure, into electrical charges. |
| Tiling | A process in which several CCD detectors adjoin to create one larger detector. |
| Flat-field correction | Computer preprocessing correction software that averages pixel values along seams to make seams disappear. |
| Structured scintillator | Phosphors in the form of needles or columns that reduce the spread of visible light. |
| Unstructured scintillator | Phosphors that do not have a structured form and typically yield lower spatial resolution images. |
| Charge-coupled device (CCD) | A light-sensitive device that can respond to very low light intensities and has a wide dynamic range. |
| CMOS | Serves a similar purpose as the CCD in capturing light and converting it to an electronic signal. |
| CsI | A hygroscopic material that must be hermetically sealed to avoid moisture absorption. |
| Fiberoptic bundle | Used to couple the CSI phosphor plate to the CCD. |
| Optical lens system | Another method to couple the CSI phosphor plate to the CCD. |
| CMOS devices | Signal-collection devices that use scintillators in a crystalline silicon matrix. |
| Light sensitivity | CMOS devices do not have quite the light sensitivity or resolution of CCDs. |
| Power consumption | CMOS devices use a fraction of the power to run compared to CCDs. |
| Cost of manufacture | CMOS devices are very inexpensive to manufacture. |
| Image acquisition times | The newest versions of CMOS devices have very fast image acquisition times due to random pixel access capabilities. |
| AEC functions | CMOS devices can achieve AEC functions that are not as easy to achieve with CCDs. |
| Limitations of CMOS detectors | The creation of CMOS detectors of large enough size for general radiography has been a limitation. |
| Advances in CMOS technology | Recent advances include the creation of crystal light tubes that prevent light spread and methods for increasing their size. |
| Scintillator-type material | Used to absorb x-ray energy, emit light in response, and convert light to electrical signals. |
| Flat-panel TFT detectors | Common in digital radiography, but CCD and CMOS indirect conversion detectors are also used. |
| Direct conversion detectors | Use an amorphous selenium (a-Se) detector to directly convert remnant radiation to electrical charges. |
| Electrical field in a-Se | Applied across the selenium layer to limit the lateral diffusion of electrons. |
| DR panel | Requires an electrical charge to be placed upon their photoconductive surfaces prior to x-ray exposure. |
| Rechargeable battery in DR panels | Provides a small charge to the TFTs once activated by the radiographer before exposure. |
| DR interface | Direct communication with the x-ray generator, typically a wireless, radio frequency (R/F) signal communication. |
| Ready light | Displayed once the communication is linked, indicating that the panel is properly charged and awaiting x-ray exposure. |
| ADC process | Amplifies and converts charge values collected during x-ray exposure. |
| Image matrix | A digital composite of varying x-ray intensities exiting the patient. |
| Pixel brightness level | Represents the attenuation characteristic of the volume of tissue imaged. |
| Quality control (QC) | Ensures the digital equipment is performing as expected. |
| Equipment acceptance testing | Performed by qualified medical physicists or vendor service personnel. |
| Routine QC activities | Daily, weekly, and monthly checks performed by the radiographer. |
| Visual inspection of IRs | Checks for potential image artifacts caused by scratches, blood, contrast media, dirt, and damage. |
| Routine cleaning | Performed according to the manufacturer to identify potential problems impacting radiographic quality. |
| DR panels | Expensive digital radiography panels that can cost tens of thousands of dollars. |
| Technological sophistication of DR panels | Represents a high level of complexity and requires professional care. |
| Panel autopsy | Inspection of a damaged DR panel by the manufacturer to determine the cause of damage. |
| Warranties and service contract coverage | May be voided if damage is due to operator abuse and negligence. |
| Common QC activities | Basic universal procedures for computed radiography (CR) and digital radiography (DR) image receptors. |
| Flat-panel detector (FPD) | Another type of imaging system evaluated through QC procedures. |
| Digital imaging systems | Require specific QC procedures developed by manufacturers. |
| Exposure sequence | The process where the x-ray generator and DR panel must communicate before, during, and after x-ray exposure. |
| Digital image processing | Involves manipulation, transportation, or storage of the digital image after conversion. |
| TFT | Each has its own unique spatial address in the digital imaging system. |
| X-ray generator | Must communicate with the DR panel to avoid preventing x-ray exposure. |
| Current computer technology | Allows the entire imaging process to take only a few seconds before image display. |
| IRs | Image receptors that need to be visually inspected for dirt, blood, contrast media, or scratches that could result in image artifacts. |
| FPD | Flat panel detector that should be evaluated to confirm that no charges remain from the previous exposure. |
| Shading or uniformity | Evaluates brightness consistency throughout the image. |
| Linearity | Evaluated by proportionally increasing and decreasing the radiation exposure to the IR and validating the exposure indicator response. |
| Laser beam performance | Evaluated by imaging an opaque straight-edged object and visually checking for jitter along the edges. |
| Imaging plate (IP) erasure function | Evaluated by performing a secondary erasure on the IP and checking for any residual exposure (ghosting). |
| Digital image quality | Improved with a larger matrix and smaller-sized pixels. |
| Exposure techniques | Should be selected within the exposure latitude of the digital imaging system and departmental standards. |
| MTF | Measure of an imaging system's ability to display contrast and spatial resolution, ranging from 0 (no difference) to 1.0 (maximum difference). |
| DQE | Measurement of the efficiency of an IR in converting x-ray exposure to a quality radiographic image. |
| SNR | Describes the strength of radiation exposure compared with the amount of noise in a digital image. |
| CNR | Describes the contrast resolution compared with the amount of noise in a digital image. |
| Sampling frequency in CR | Determines how often the analog signal is reproduced in its discrete digitized form. |
| CR IPS | Computed radiography imaging plates that must be erased by exposure to intense white light to release residual energy before reuse. |
| DR IRS | Digital radiography image receptors that combine image capture and readout. |
| Communication interface | Required between the x-ray generator and computer for exposure initiation and data readout and reconstruction in DR IRS. |
| Quality control checks | Routine checks on the digital imaging system performed by the radiographer. |
| Digital detectors | Require a two-stage process to acquire and digitize the raw image data. |
| Image artifacts | Can be caused by dirty CR IPS and low sampling frequency. |
| DEL dimensions | Smaller dimensions in microns demonstrate a greater number of lp/mm of spatial resolution. |
| DR detector preparation | The IP plate must be erased prior to the x-ray exposure. |
| Mobile DR panels | Generally use a wireless communication link with the x-ray system or a rechargeable battery for the TFT. |
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