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image processing
digital image processing and HIM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| alternative algorithms | Methods that provide different approaches to solving problems in digital image processing. |
| artificial intelligence (AI) | The simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. |
| aspect ratio | The ratio of the width to the height of an image or display. |
| automatic rescaling | A process that adjusts the range of pixel values in an image to enhance its quality. |
| contrast enhancement | Techniques used to improve the visibility of features in an image by increasing the contrast. |
| contrast resolution | The ability of an imaging system to distinguish between differences in intensity levels. |
| data management | The practice of collecting, keeping, and using data securely, efficiently, and cost-effectively. |
| deviation index (DI) | A numerical value that indicates the difference between the expected and actual exposure of an image. |
| digital image processing | The manipulation of digital images through a digital computer. |
| Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) | A standard for transmitting, storing, and sharing medical images. |
| disaster recovery | Strategies and processes to recover data and restore systems after a disaster. |
| display workstation | A computer setup specifically designed for viewing and analyzing medical images. |
| dual-energy subtraction | A technique that uses two different energy levels to enhance image quality by reducing artifacts. |
| edge enhancement | A technique used to improve the visibility of edges in an image. |
| electronic health record (EHR) | A digital version of a patient's paper chart that contains the medical history and treatment information. |
| electronic masking | A technique used to hide or obscure parts of an image electronically. |
| electronic medical record (EMR) | A digital record of health information for a single practice. |
| equalization | A method used to adjust the contrast of an image by redistributing the intensity values. |
| exposure indicator (EI) | A value that indicates the level of exposure of the image to radiation. |
| grayscale | An image composed of shades of gray, without color. |
| grayscale standard display function (GSDF) | A standard that defines how grayscale images should be displayed. |
| health informatics | The field that focuses on the management and use of patient healthcare information. |
| Health Information Management (HIM) | The practice of acquiring, analyzing, and protecting digital and traditional medical information. |
| Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) | A U.S. law designed to provide privacy standards to protect patients' medical records and other health information. |
| Health Level Seven standard (HL7) | A set of international standards for the exchange, integration, sharing, and retrieval of electronic health information. |
| histogram | A graphical representation of the distribution of pixel intensities in an image. |
| histogram analysis | The process of examining the histogram to understand the characteristics of an image. |
| hospital information system (HIS) | A comprehensive, integrated information system designed to manage the administrative, financial, and clinical aspects of a hospital. |
| Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) | An initiative to improve the way computer systems in healthcare share information. |
| inversion | A process that reverses the pixel values in an image. |
| irreversible compression | A data compression method that reduces file size without the ability to restore the original data. |
| lookup tables (LUTS) | Data structures used to map input values to output values for image processing. |
| luminance | A measure of the brightness of a color or image. |
| medical image management and processing system (MIMPS) | A system that manages and processes medical images. |
| protected health information (PHI) | Any information about health status, provision of healthcare, or payment for healthcare that can be linked to an individual. |
| radiology information system (RIS) | A networked system for managing medical imagery and associated data. |
| region of interest (ROI) | A selected subset of an image that is of particular interest for analysis. |
| reversible compression | A data compression method that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data. |
| smoothing | A technique used to reduce noise in an image. |
| Flat-fielding correction | A process of correcting the nonuniformity of pixel values throughout the entire image. |
| Anode heel effect | An example of how pixel values can become nonuniform across the digital IR. |
| Histogram creation and analysis | The first step in processing digital data where a histogram of the image is created, representing pixel values after software corrections. |
| Exposure histogram | A graphic representation of a data set of pixel values that represent the invisible image after software corrections. |
| x-axis of histogram | Represents the range of pixel values assigned in the histogram. |
| y-axis of histogram | Represents the number (frequency) of pixels for each value in the histogram. |
| Image brightness levels | The location of the graph along the x-axis of the histogram. |
| Image contrast | The shape of the histogram graph, representing grayscale. |
| Values of interest (VOIs) | Specific pixel values that are significant for diagnostic interpretation. |
| Vendor neutral archives (VNAs) | Systems that allow for the storage and management of imaging data from different vendors. |
| Window level | A setting that adjusts the brightness of the displayed image. |
| Window width | A setting that adjusts the contrast of the displayed image. |
| Computed radiography (CR) | A method of acquiring the invisible image using imaging plates that store energy. |
| Digital radiography (DR) | A method of acquiring the raw image data directly in digital form. |
| Digitization | The process of converting raw image data (released energy) into digital (electronic) data. |
| Exposure field recognition and segmentation | The process where the computer identifies the exposure field brightness levels and edges of the collimated image. |
| Collimated image | An image where exposure data outside the collimated area is excluded to prevent processing errors. |
| Histogram processing error | An error that occurs when incorrect collimation leads to poor-quality images. |
| Processing digital data | Involves several operations to prepare the raw image for display, including histogram creation, automatic rescaling, and LUT application. |
| LUT application | The application of a lookup table to adjust the pixel values for display. |
| Collimated borders | In newer CR imaging systems, the collimated borders may not have the same impact on data processing as in older CR systems. |
| DR IRS | Processing errors are less likely to occur with DR IRS than with CR IRS because the image data are extracted only from the exposed detector elements (DELS). |
| Corrections and histogram creation | Several operations occur on the raw image data to prepare for further processing to display a quality image. |
| Software corrections | Software corrections can be applied to account for imperfections (bad or dead pixels) that only occur with DR-type IRS. |
| Flat fielding | Flat fielding is a process of correcting the nonuniformity of pixel values throughout the entire image. |
| Exposure field recognition | Scanning the entire CR IR to identify the exposure field brightness levels and the edges of the collimated image is necessary to identify only the image data representing the anatomic area. |
| Processing algorithms | The computer analyzes the histogram using processing algorithms and compares it with a preestablished (reference) histogram specific to the anatomic part being imaged. |
| Stored histogram models | The computer software has stored histogram models, each having a shape characteristic of the selected anatomic region and projection. |
| Histogram representation | The histogram represents the number of digital pixel values versus the relative prevalence of those values in the latent image. |
| Range of exposure to the receptor histogram | Each image has its own histogram. |
| Effect of exposure on image quality | High noise, low exposure, optimum exposure, and high exposure all affect image quality. |
| Rescaling errors | Although automatic rescaling is a convenient feature, radiographers should be aware that rescaling errors can occur because of positioning and collimation errors and with image artifacts. |
| Patient overexposure | Rescaling will also compensate for patient overexposure which is looked upon poorly by the profession and discouraged. |
| Image noise | Rescaling will not compensate for image noise due to underexposure. |
| LUTs (Lookup Tables) | Provide a means to adjust the contrast or grayscale necessary to adequately view the anatomic region. |
| S-shaped curve | A graph shape that indicates altered original pixel values in the processed image, differing from a straight line. |
| Pixel value alteration | The process of changing pixel values to display a digital image with a change in contrast (grayscale). |
| Higher contrast image | An image displayed with new pixel values calculated to result in increased contrast. |
| Reference histogram | A baseline used in LUT application to transform image data into a quality image for display. |
| Digital IRS | Digital image receptors that have a linear exposure response and a wide dynamic range. |
| Low contrast images | Raw data images that exhibit low contrast and require alteration to improve visibility of anatomic structures. |
| Importance of correct LUT | The necessity of applying the correct LUT to the body part imaged to ensure accurate display appearance. |
| Processed image | An image that has undergone pixel value alterations to enhance quality. |
| Original image | The initial image before any processing or pixel value alterations. |
| Contrast processing | The method of changing pixel values to alter the contrast of an image. |
| Dynamic range | The range of exposure levels that a digital image receptor can capture. |
| Grayscale adjustment | The alteration of pixel values to change the grayscale representation of an image. |
| Image receptor (IR) | The device that captures the image data in digital imaging. |
| Anatomic structures visibility | The clarity of anatomical features in an image, which can be improved through processing. |
| Vendor-specific LUTs | LUTs that vary between manufacturers, affecting the appearance of images from different sources. |
| Pixel value | The numerical representation of a pixel's brightness in an image. |
| Contrast adjustment | The process of modifying pixel values to increase or decrease the contrast in an image. |
| Improved quality image | An image that has been processed to enhance its visual characteristics. |
| Histogram rescaling | The adjustment of the histogram to improve image quality after processing. |
| Image processing | The manipulation of image data to enhance its quality for display. |
| High contrast | A term describing an image with a large difference between the darkest and lightest parts. |
| Processed image (pixel values) | The pixel values of an image that have been altered to improve visibility or information representation. |
| Original image (pixel values) | The pixel values of an image before any processing has been applied. |
| Sensitivity number (S) | A term used by Fuji that decreases as exposure to the image receptor increases. |
| Target exposure (EI+) | The desired level of exposure to the image receptor. |
| Underexposed | A condition where the image receptor receives less exposure than required, potentially resulting in quantum noise. |
| Overexposed | A condition where the image receptor receives more exposure than required, leading to excessive brightness in the image. |
| Quantum noise | Visual noise that appears in images due to insufficient exposure of the image receptor. |
| Standard deviations (SDs) | A statistical measure used to describe the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values. |
| Image repeat | The decision to take a new image based on the quality of the displayed image and departmental standards. |
| AAPM Report No. 116 | A publication providing guidelines for deviation index ranges and actions for image exposures. |
| AAPM Report No. 232 | A publication that revised recommendations from Report No. 116 regarding deviation index. |
| Optimal ranges of EI values | Vendor-specific ranges that vary among types of imaging procedures. |
| Collaboration among industry experts | The joint efforts of professionals in the field to develop complex calculations for exposure indicators. |
| Departmental standards | The specific guidelines and protocols established within a radiography department for image quality and exposure. |
| Vendor specific | Referring to characteristics or standards that vary depending on the manufacturer. |
| Brightness | The perceived intensity of light in an image. |
| Pixel values of interest (VOIs) | Specific pixel values identified during histogram analysis that are crucial for determining image quality. |
| DI | Deviation Index, a numeric value indicating the level of radiation exposure relative to a target DI of 0. |
| mAs | Milliampere-seconds, a measure of the total exposure time and current in radiography. |
| IR | Image Receptor, the device that captures the image in digital radiography. |
| Overexposure | Condition where the image receptor receives too much radiation, potentially leading to saturation. |
| Underexposure | Condition where the image receptor receives insufficient radiation, resulting in a lack of detail. |
| AEC | Automatic Exposure Control, a system that automatically adjusts the exposure to achieve optimal image quality. |
| EI | Exposure Indicator, a numeric value indicating the level of radiation exposure to the digital image receptor. |
| Target EI | Standard exposure indicator values established for acceptable image quality based on body part and examination needs. |
| SD | Standard Deviation, a statistical measure used to assess the deviation of the DI from the target DI. |
| Calibration | The process of adjusting the equipment to ensure accurate exposure readings. |
| Quality Control (QC) | Procedures and measures taken to ensure the quality of radiographic images and adherence to standards. |
| Postprocessing display functions | Techniques used to adjust contrast and brightness of an image after it has been captured. |
| Radiation dose | The amount of radiation exposure received by a patient during imaging procedures. |
| Saturation | Condition where the image receptor is exposed to too much radiation, resulting in loss of detail in bright areas. |
| Image quality | The clarity and detail of a radiographic image, influenced by exposure levels and processing techniques. |
| Department standards | Guidelines established by a radiology department for handling over- and underexposures. |
| Collimation | The process of narrowing the x-ray beam to reduce unnecessary exposure to surrounding tissues. |
| kVp | Kilovoltage peak, the maximum voltage applied across the x-ray tube, influencing the quality of the x-ray beam. |
| Noisy images | Images that contain a significant amount of random variations, making them difficult to interpret. |
| Clinical warrant | The justification needed to repeat an image based on clinical necessity and patient safety. |
| Excessive exposure | Condition where the DI exceeds +1.0 SD, indicating a significant overexposure. |
| Insufficient exposure | Condition where the DI is less than -1.0 SD, indicating a significant underexposure. |
| Improper IR exposures | Occurs when the image data is not correctly adjusted, leading to noisy or suboptimal images that should not be submitted for interpretation. |
| Exposure indicators | Values that the radiographer should strive to keep within the indicated optimum range for the corresponding digital imaging system. |
| Histogram analysis error | Occurs when the radiographer selects a part other than the imaged one, affecting the accuracy of the histogram analysis. |
| Computer processing | The step that prepares the computer for the type of data being supplied for histogram analysis. |
| Reprocessed image | An image that has been altered using alternative algorithms, which may change brightness and/or contrast. |
| Radiographer's role | Involves selecting the appropriate anatomic part and projection before computer processing. |
| Image quality assessment | The process of evaluating the exposure indicator alongside the quality of the image before deciding on a repeat image. |
| Postprocessing techniques | Common methods used to manipulate digital images after initial capture to enhance their quality. |
| Brightness values | Selected values in digital images that can be subtracted to create clearer images without superimposed structures. |
| Display monitor | The screen where the reprocessed image is presented to the radiographer for evaluation. |
| Storage and retrieval issues | Problems that can arise from the reprocessing of original image data affecting how imaging procedures are stored and retrieved. |
| Radiation protection alert | A reminder for radiographers to consider the implications of exposure indicators and image quality in their work. |
| Digital imaging systems | Systems that require careful selection of techniques to ensure optimal exposure indicator values. |
| Brightness and contrast changes | Alterations that may occur in reprocessed images, which can affect the quality of the displayed image. |
| Longer-scale contrast | Typical of chest radiography. |
| Higher scale contrast adjustment | Contrast has been adjusted to present a higher scale. |
| Edge-enhancement postprocessing technique | A radiographic image demonstrates an edge-enhancement postprocessing technique. |
| Black/white reversal postprocessing technique | Radiographic image demonstrates a black/white reversal postprocessing technique. |
| Stitching of images | Additional software can provide stitching of multiple images into one image for viewing anatomic areas. |
| Postprocessing caution | Overuse of postprocessing functions can drastically and negatively alter the original data set. |
| Radiographers' workstations | Often use monitors of significantly lower quality compared to radiologists' workstations. |
| Grid subtraction | A software algorithm that improves image quality by removing scatter that degrades image quality. |
| Grid replacement software | Algorithms developed to improve image quality by addressing grid artifacts. |
| Grid artifacts | Challenges associated with the use of grids in radiography. |
| Moiré effect | An artifact that can occur due to grid patterns. |
| Scatter correction software | Removes scatter radiation visualized in a digital image produced without a grid. |
| Digital imaging artifacts | Occur for various reasons and generally have a bright or dark appearance. |
| Equipment artifacts | Typically involve detectors and occur during image data extraction or processing. |
| Procedural artifacts | Artifacts that occur due to issues in the imaging procedure. |
| CR detector-related artifacts | Include IP stains, particulates, scratches, cracks, and fogging. |
| Erasure error | Can lead to CR detector artifacts if the technologist improperly centers the CR to table grid. |
| Digital radiography image artifacts | Artifacts that occur in digital radiography images, such as erasure errors, improper alignment, and RF interference. |
| Improper alignment of central ray and image receptor (IR) | An artifact resulting from misalignment between the central ray and the image receptor in a Bucky table. |
| Radiofrequency (RF) interference | An artifact caused by a breakdown in RF shielding in a flat-panel digital radiography system. |
| Computed radiography (CR) image artifacts | Artifacts specific to computed radiography, such as bright lines from scratches and bright specs from dirt on the imaging plate. |
| Bright lines in the shoulder region | An artifact in computed radiography caused by scratches on the imaging plate. |
| Bright specs between the fourth and fifth metacarpals | An artifact in computed radiography caused by dirt on the image plate. |
| DR detector artifacts | Artifacts related to the calibration of an individual DEL, row, or column of the detector matrix. |
| Data extraction artifacts | Artifacts that occur during the electronic readout mechanisms associated with the rows and columns of the DELS in the detector matrix. |
| Image display | The process of showing the digital image after computer processing, affected by monitor features and viewing conditions. |
| Resolution | A feature of the display monitor that affects the quality of the digital image. |
| Viewing conditions | Factors such as ambient lighting and monitor placement that affect the quality of the displayed digital image. |
| Postprocessing software | Specialized software used at the display workstation to aid radiologists in image interpretation. |
| Postprocessing functions | Computer software operations that allow manual manipulation of the displayed image to enhance diagnostic value. |
| Brightness surrounding the radiation-exposed field | Increased brightness that can be removed from the displayed image using electronic masking. |
| Thin white line around the edges of the image | An indicator that the image was collimated smaller than the size of the IR. |
| Overall image quality | The quality of the image that is not affected by electronic masking or patient exposure. |
| Displayed brightness | The brightness level of the image displayed on the computer monitor, which can be altered to visualize recorded structures. |
| Bit depth | The number of bits (i.e., 12, 14, or 16) that determines the brightness level of a pixel and affects the number of shades of gray available for image display. |
| Radiographic contrast | Can be adjusted after the digital image is processed to vary the visualization of the area of interest. |
| Narrow window width | Decreases the range of brightness levels and increases contrast. |
| Wide window width | Increases the range of brightness levels and reduces contrast. |
| Inverse relationship | Exists between window width and image contrast; a wide window width displays lower contrast. |
| Subject tissue opacity | The varying degrees of opacity of different tissues that affect image brightness. |
| Brightness adjustment | Allows the image brightness to be increased or decreased throughout the entire range. |
| Visibility of anatomic features | Increases with improved contrast resolution when the image is optimally windowed. |
| Displayed contrast | The variation in shades of gray visible on the image to show the desired anatomy. |
| Total information contained | The complete data that can be visualized when the range of brightness displayed is at its maximum. |
| Human eye contrast resolution | Limited, necessitating adjustments to the radiographic contrast for better visualization. |
| Changing window level | Allows for the adjustment of image brightness throughout the entire range. |
| Optimal windowing | Increases visibility of very subtle anatomic features in the image. |
| Shades of gray | The range of brightness levels that can be displayed, affecting the image contrast. |
| Brightness levels | The specific levels of lightness or darkness in the displayed image. |
| Digital Image Windowing | A technique that alters the visual display of a digital image by changing the window level and width. |
| Contrast | The difference in visual properties that makes an object distinguishable from other objects and the background in an image. |
| High Radiographic Contrast | Occurs when a narrow window width is used, making differences in pixel values more pronounced. |
| Low Radiographic Contrast | Occurs when a wide window width is used, resulting in less distinction between pixel values. |
| Soft-Copy Viewing | The ability to optimize image display in real time using window level and width controls on digital images. |
| LUTs | Look-Up Tables used for windowing and other operations in image display. |
| Display Monitor Quality | The performance of the monitor used to display digital images, which can affect the quality of the image viewed. |
| Primary Display Monitors | High-quality monitors used by radiologists for diagnostic interpretation. |
| Secondary Display Monitors | Monitors used only for routine image review, which are of lower quality than primary monitors. |
| Monochrome High-Resolution Monitors | Monitors typically used for radiographic diagnostic interpretation that provide detailed image quality. |
| Viewing Distance | The distance from which a digital image is viewed, which can affect the required size of the display monitor. |
| 5-Megapixel Display Monitor | A monitor with a resolution of 2048 x 2560 pixels that provides improved visualization of high spatial resolution images. |
| Diagonal Monitor Size | The measurement of a display monitor from one corner to the opposite corner; a 53 cm (21 inches) diagonal is adequate for viewing images sized 35 x 43 cm (14 x 17 inches). |
| Pixel Pitch | The distance between the centers of two adjacent pixels; a recommended pixel pitch is 0.200 mm. |
| Display Configuration | The arrangement of monitors, which can be set to portrait or landscape formats and configured with one, two, or four monitors. |
| Image Manipulations | Complex operations performed on the display image that do not affect the original stored pixel values. |
| Image Acquisition Parameters | Factors that influence the quality of the digital image during its capture. |
| Display Characteristics | Features of the display that affect the quality of the digital image, including monitor performance and luminance. |
| Ambient Luminance | The light that reflects off the display surface from the room (ambient) lighting after the monitor has been turned off. |
| Minimum Luminance | The lowest luminance a primary display monitor should exhibit, which is 1.0 cd/m². |
| Maximum Luminance | The highest luminance a primary display monitor should exhibit, which is 350 cd/m². |
| Luminance Ratio (LR) | The ratio of the maximum to minimum luminance, recommended to be greater than 250. |
| Pixel Bit Depth | Determines the contrast resolution of a digital image; a system capable of displaying 16,384 shades of gray (14 bits) requires a monitor with a large grayscale range. |
| Graphic Bit Depth | The minimum recommended bit depth for display monitors used for image interpretation, which is 8, yielding 256 shades of gray. |
| Display Size | The physical dimensions of a display monitor, which affects its capability to view images of certain sizes. |
| Diagonal Dimensions | The diagonal measurement of a display monitor, with a 53 cm (21 inches) monitor being adequate for viewing images sized 35 x 43 cm (14 x 17 inches). |
| High-resolution Display Monitor | A display monitor with a resolution of 5-megapixels (2048 x 2560 pixels) used for diagnostic interpretation. |
| Routine Quality Control (QC) | The regular monitoring of the display monitor's performance, as important as monitoring digital imaging acquisition and processing devices. |
| Geometrical Distortions | Visual inaccuracies in the display, such as concavity and convexity. |
| Veiling Glare | An effect that adversely affects image contrast. |
| Display Noise | Typically a result of statistical fluctuations or luminance differences in the image. |
| Spatial Resolution | The detail an image holds, improved by using a large matrix with many smaller-sized pixels. |
| Image Interpretation | The process of analyzing and understanding the digital images displayed on monitors. |
| AAPM TG18-QC test pattern | A test pattern used to evaluate various aspects of display monitors, including geometric distortion and luminance. |
| SMPTE test pattern | A test pattern developed by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers for evaluating display monitors. |
| QC display stations | Display stations with advanced functions for image manipulation and viewing. |
| Interpreting stations | Display stations designed for detailed analysis and interpretation of medical images. |
| DICOM | Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine; a standard for communication and management of medical imaging information. |
| DICOM header | Information included as a header on digital images according to DICOM standards. |
| GSDF | Grayscale Standard Display Function; the DICOM recommended standard for consistent display characteristics. |
| Pattern-recognition computer programs | AI applications that identify specific patterns in digital medical images. |
| Medical images | Digital data sets that can represent pathological conditions and are analyzed for diagnostic purposes. |
| Image manipulation | The process of adjusting and modifying medical images for better interpretation. |
| Windowing | An image adjustment technique that modifies the level and width of the displayed image. |
| Annotation | Adding notes or comments to medical images for clarification or information. |
| Patient demographic information | Data related to the patient that is included with medical images. |
| Cropping | The process of removing unwanted outer areas from a medical image. |
| Panning | Moving the view of a medical image to see different sections. |
| Magnification (zoom) | Increasing the size of a portion of a medical image for detailed examination. |
| Chest tumors | Pathological conditions that can be identified in medical images of the chest. |
| Pneumonia | A disease state that can be detected through medical imaging. |
| Bone fractures | Injuries that can be analyzed using medical imaging techniques. |
| Breast lesions | Abnormal growths in breast tissue that can be identified through imaging. |
| AI in Radiology | AI will assist in the routine interpretive tasks faced by radiologists. |
| Interprofessional Collaboration | Coordination and communication of the patient's health information across various care settings. |
| Electronic Health Records (EHRs) | Technology systems that require interoperability and management within and outside of health care facilities. |
| Clinical Informatics | Application of electronic health information with digital images and their interpretation. |
| American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) | Set requirements for EMR/EHR systems and provided financial incentives to health care organizations. |
| Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) | Required health care organizations to switch to certified EMR/EHR systems by January 2015. |
| Digital Images | Images acquired, stored, retrieved, and transmitted as part of health informatics. |
| Imaging Modalities | Various methods used to capture digital images in health care. |
| Patient's EMR | Specific to the health care organization and can be shared with other organizations in its entirety or individual components. |
| Health Care Industry | Very information-intensive and comprises a variety of care and treatment settings. |
| Patient Information | Includes demographic data, relevant history, service type, etc. |
| Health Care Services | Delivery of health care services that requires safe and efficient patient care. |
| Maintenance of Health Information | Essential for clinical diagnosis and reimbursement. |
| HIS | Hospital Information System, integrates with EMR to manage departmental operations. |
| EMR | Electronic Medical Record, a digital record for storing, sharing, and managing patient health information within a single healthcare organization. |
| EHR | Electronic Health Record, a system for patient health information that can be shared outside the facility among various healthcare systems. |
| RIS | Radiology Information System, specific to the radiology department, managing examination orders, scheduling, tracking, billing, and reports. |
| MIMPS | Medical Image Management and Processing System, a networked computer system for digital imaging that can receive, store, archive, distribute, and display digital images. |
| ICD-10-CM | International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition, Clinical Modification, the coding system used for diagnosis coding. |
| CPT-4 | Current Procedural Terminology, 4th Edition, the coding system used for ambulatory and ancillary services. |
| HL7 | Health Level Seven standard, a set of international standards for the exchange of healthcare information. |
| LAN | Local Area Network, a network that connects computers within a limited area such as a hospital. |
| WAN | Wide Area Network, a telecommunications network that extends over a large geographical area. |
| RAID | Redundant Array of Independent Disks, a data storage virtualization technology that combines multiple physical disk drive components. |
| IHE | Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise, an initiative to improve the way healthcare computer systems share information. |
| Patient Health Information (PHI) | Information collected and stored in the HIS and shared with the RIS. |
| Revenue Cycle | Includes activities from benefit verification to reimbursement for services provided, involving patient registration and claim submission. |
| Medical Image Management | The process of receiving, storing, archiving, distributing, and displaying digital images in healthcare. |
| Control Server | A major component of MIMPS that manages the digital imaging processes. |
| Imaging Modality Systems | Systems used to capture medical images, integrated within the MIMPS. |
| Display Workstations | Computers used to view and analyze medical images in the MIMPS. |
| Archival Capabilities | The ability to store and retrieve digital images within the MIMPS. |
| Interoperability | The ability of MIMPS to work with various modality vendors using a universal communication standard. |
| Teleradiology | The transmission of radiological images over the internet for interpretation and diagnosis. |
| Health Level Seven (HL7) | A communication standard for the sharing of medical information across various platforms. |
| Exposure-related information | Information that should be included in the DICOM header such as kVp, milliamperage-seconds, exposure indicator, and any post- or reprocessing of the digital data. |
| Health Information Exchanges (HIES) | Created for the purpose of sharing patient information across systems and creating networks of service providers. |
| Local Area Network (LAN) | The network that allows data to be transferred within the organization, to outside clinics, and to a radiologist's home. |
| Wide Area Network (WAN) | Utilized if data/images are required at remote locations. |
| Image compression | Can be reversible or irreversible; used to improve the transmission/storage of imaging data. |
| Reversible (lossless) compression | Means that there is no loss of image data as the image is restored at the end user, with typical compression ratios around 2:1, but under 8:1. |
| Irreversible (lossy) compression | Means that there is some loss of image data as the image is restored at the end user, with typical compression ratios above 10:1. |
| Connectivity and communication | Necessary for radiology to realize the full potential of imaging informatics. |
| Digital communication networks | Facilitate the transmission of medical images and patient information across digital electronic lines, fiberoptic cables, and wireless networks. |
| Compression | A method used to improve the transmission/storage of imaging data. |
| Patient care improvement | Achieved through cost-effective, reliable, secure, and timely delivery of patient and digital imaging information. |
| Expansion and maintenance of MIMPS systems | Challenges include access to and storage of data over decades and changes in vendors. |
| Transition costs | Very expensive costs associated with replacing existing MIMPS. |
| Consolidation of systems | May occur within a single facility or across a system of facilities using VNAs. |
| Lossy Compression | If lossy compression is used, the image displayed must be labeled as such, and irreversible compression cannot be used for diagnostic interpretation of images. |
| Preliminary Diagnosis | Teleradiology can be used for preliminary diagnosis for referring and emergency department physicians. |
| Subspecialty Expertise | Teleradiology can provide subspecialty expertise (e.g., cardiovascular or neuroradiology). |
| Manpower Issues | Teleradiology can solve manpower issues such as vacations and rural facilities having limited access to radiologists. |
| Communication Needs | Communication needs between teleradiologists and imaging professionals include providing timely and relevant patient information, the ability to answer questions regarding the procedure, and maintaining standard QC practices. |
| Quality Standards | The practice of teleradiology should maintain the same high standards, safety, and quality as onsite radiology services. |
| Impact of Poor Communication | Poor communication can have negative results and impact the patient's care and outcomes. |
| MIMPS Storage Challenge | One of the biggest challenges of a MIMPS is storage due to increasingly complex modalities supplying large image files. |
| Archiving Policies | Policies and procedures are needed to effectively and appropriately archive (current and previous exams) and store digital image data according to local, state, and federal guidelines. |
| Patient Privacy Requirements | Patient privacy requirements necessitate storing images and data for years. |
| Disaster Recovery Processes | Disaster recovery processes involve duplicating all files in a remote location so that recovery is possible in the event of a disaster. |
| Cloud-Based Technology | The current trend is to address storage space and expense using cloud-based technology, which consists of offsite storage and servers supported by a secure network and third-party vendor. |
| Hybrid Storage Configuration | Hybrid versions of storage configurations maintain current image and patient data in-house and longer-term storage externally or in the cloud. |
| Access Speed | The speed of access depends on connectivity speed and file size. |
| QC Activities | QC activities are equally important for digital image data management. |
| ACR-AAPM-SIIM Technical Standard | A set of guidelines for the electronic practice of medical imaging, revised in 2022. |
| Digital image data management system | A system that requires documented policies and procedures for monitoring and evaluating the management, safety, and performance of imaging functions. |
| Quality assurance (QA) program | A program designed to maximize the quality and accessibility of diagnostic information. |
| Quality control (QC) activities | Activities related to digital image data management, including compression, transmission, archiving, and retrieval functions. |
| Transmission devices | Devices that must handle the volume of images delivered within a reasonable time frame and check for errors. |
| Archiving | The process of effectively and appropriately storing digital image data for years. |
| Privacy and security of PHI | Concerns regarding the protection of patient health information in health care and radiology. |
| HITECH Act | An act that enhanced protections for PHI as health care organizations transitioned to EMR/EHR systems. |
| Anonymization | The process of removing patient-identifiable information from PHI for clinical research. |
| Authentication | The process of verifying the identity of the user of PHI. |
| Authorization | A procedure that limits access to PHI for approved users only and maintains records of interactions with PHI. |
| Confidentiality | Measures taken to prevent unauthorized access to PHI. |
| Cybersecurity protocols | Updated measures by health care IT departments to protect against hacking and malicious attempts at accessing PHI. |
| Preprocessing operations | Operations such as bad or dead pixel and flat-fielding corrections that prepare raw data for processing and display. |
| Exposure indicator | A numerical value that indicates the level of radiation exposure to the digital image receptor (IR). |
| Display monitors | Provide soft-copy viewing of digital radiographs. |
| Primary monitors | High-quality monitors used for diagnostic interpretation. |
| HIPAA | Establishes standards for PHI privacy protection. |
| Security protocols | Must be in place and adhered to by all health care workers regarding PHI. |
| increased ambient lighting | A condition where the overall light in the environment is raised. |
| decreased matrix size | A reduction in the number of pixels in the image matrix, affecting image resolution. |
| high pixel pitch | A measurement indicating the distance between pixels, which can affect image clarity. |
| high luminance | A condition where the brightness of an image is significantly elevated. |
| Wider window width | A setting that increases brightness and decreases contrast in an image. |
| DQE | A communication standard for information sharing between MIMPS and imaging modalities. |
| SMPTE | A standard related to the transmission of video and film content. |
| DI of -1.75 | Indicates underexposure to the IR. |
| DI value greater than +3.0 SD | May result in excessive noise visible, saturation, or patient overexposure. |
| Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act | A standard enacted to protect privacy and confidentiality of patient's health information. |
| Electronic Medical Record | A digital record of private health information regarding a patient's health within a health care organization. |
| Medical Image Management and Processing System | A system designed to receive, store, archive, and transmit digital images. |
| Health Level Seven | An international standard required for health information exchange. |
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