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Unit 3

Language and Learning Vocab

TermDefinition
Humanist Perspective* The assumption that people are generally good and constructive.
Behaviorism* An approach of psychology based on the study of observable facts rather than subjective, qualitative processes.
Classical Conditioning* The type of learning in which an originally neutral stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits a response, results in a conditioned/learned response.
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)* The stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response.
Unconditioned Response (UCR)* The unlearned response to a stimulus, occurring naturally.
Neutral Stimulus (NS)* The stimulus that does not elicit a response.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)* A neutral stimulus after repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus until it elicits a response it previously didn't.
Conditioned Response (CR)* The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
Operant Conditioning* The process in which a behavior changes as a function of the consequences of behavior.
Second-Order/Higher-Order Conditioning* The establishment of a conditioned response.
Premack Principle The view that the the opportunity to engage in a behavior with a high baseline probability will reinforce the behavior of a lower baseline probability.
Punishment* The relationship between a response and a stimulus results in the response decreasing.
Positive Punishment* A punishment that results because a stimulus is presented as a consequence.
Negative Punishment/Omission Training* A punishment that results because a stimulus is removed as a consequence.
Aversive/Avoidance Reinforcement* A form of negative reinforcement that strengthens a behavior because of a negative outcome.
Secondary/conditioned Reinforcer* The process in which a neutral stimulus becomes able to influence future response probability.
Learned Response* A response that has been learned.
Delayed Reinforcement A reinforcement that occurs delayed.
Primary Reinforcer* A stimulus that satisfies basic survival needs, requiring no prior learning to be effective.
Neutral Reinforcement A response that doesn't produce a reward nor punishment, having no effect on a behavior's frequency.
Shaping* The production of new forms of behavior by reinforcement.
Social Learning Theory* The theory that learning is largely due to imitating models. Behavior developed by external stimuli.
Theory of Observational Learning* The theory that explains how people learn new behaviors by watching others do them.
Cognitive Map* The mental map of a place.
Learned Helplessness* The phenomenon that occurs when repeated exposure to an inability to control stressors results in individuals failing to control options in the future.
Habituation* Organisms grow accustomed to and exhibit a diminished response to a repeated stimulus.
Expectancy The internal state resulting from experience with predictable outcomes.
Discrimination (Stimulus Discrimination)* Responding (CR) differently to similar stimuli (CS).
Scaffolding A way of teaching that supports the student as they learn a new skill or concept with the goal of that student becoming self-reliant.
Rehearsal Preparation for an event anticipated with some level of discomfort.
Overjustification effect The effect which rewarding an individual decreases their performance.
Incremental Learning The process of learning gradually over time through repeated exposure.
Systematic desensitization* A form of behavior therapy in which counterconditioning is used to reduce anxiety for a stimulus through relaxation, and anxiety-provoking situations presented from weakest to strongest.
Counterconditioning* Therapeatic intervention for many mental disorders.
Aversion therapy* A form of behavior therapy which the client is conditioned to change/eliminate an undesirable behavior by associating them with unpleasant experiences.
Flooding (in form of therapy)* A technique which the client is exposed to a maximum-intensity anxiety-provoking stimulus without an attempt made to lessen their fear. It aims to extinguish the response to a feared stimulus.
Cognitive restructuring A technique used to help a client identify their cognitive distortions and modify them.
Mental set* The readiness so perform psychological functions that influence the response to a stimulus.
Observational learning* The acquisition of skills or behavior through watching others perform them.
Reliability* The consistency of a measure that yields the same results across multiple applications.
Validity* The degree to which evidence supports the conclusion.
Experiment The study of a relationship that aims to draw interferences about that relationship, manipulating the independent variable, and measuring the dependent variable.
Correlational Study A study that examines the statistical relationship between variables.
Positive Correlation The relationship between two variables which both rise and fall together.
Negative Correlation The relationship between two variables which one increases and the other decreases.
Naturalistic Observation Data collected from watching behaviors of participants in their natural enviornments.
Case Study An investigation of a single individual or family where data is assembled to understand their behavior, background and relationships.
Dependent Variable The outcome observed to occur or change after variation of the independent variable in an experience.
Signal Detection Framework for understanding how we make decisions when facing uncertainty.
Perceptual Set A readiness to perceive certain objects/events (ex: when driving, one has a perceptual set to identify anything on the road).
Cocktail Party effect The ability to attend to a conversation while ignoring others around.
Conduction Deafness Loss of hearing due to a disorder in the structures transmitting sound to cochlea.
Accommodation The adjustment of mental schemas to incorporate new info.
Procedural Memory Long-term memory for skills involved in a particular task demonstrating that skill's performance.
Regression A lower state of cognitive, emotional, or behavior functioning.
Retroactive Interference Interference occurring when new learning impairs the ability to remember previously learned material.
Fast mapping* The ability of young children to learn new words quickly from 1-2 exposures to them.
Overgeneralization/Overregularization* Cognitive distortion which an individual views a single event as a rule for future events.
Grammar* The system of rules describing how a language works.
Syntax* Set of rules for how words and phrases are arranged in sentences.
Morpheme* The smallest unit of meaning in speech (ex: "books" has "book" and "s").
Phoneme* The smallest meaningful sound of speech.
Syllogism A form of deductive reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from two premises revealing how people process info.
Positive Reinforcement* The presentation of a stimulus increasing the probability of a response.
Negative Reinforcement* The removal of an aversive stimulus as a consequence as a response increasing the probability of that response.
Differential Reinforcement* The reinforcement of selected behavior.
Schedules of Reinforcement* A rule that determines when a response will be reiforced.
Variable-Ratio (VR)* A schedule of reinforcement that is randomly based on the number of responses made.
Variable-Interval (VI)* A schedule of reinforcement that is randomly based on an elapsed time.
Fixed-Interval (FI)* A schedule of reinforcement that is set based on an elapsed time.
Fixed-Ratio (FR)* A schedule of reinforcement that is set based on the number of responses made.
Continuous Reinforcement The reinforcement of every correct response.
Spontaneous Recovery* Reappearance of CR after period of extinction/diminished response.
Latent Learning* Learning acquired without conscious effort and isn't manifested until there is a need for it.
State-Dependent learning Learning occurring in a particular state better recalled when in that state.
Conceptualization learning The learning through a framework to understand problems.
Schematic learning Learning through building and modifying schemas to organize information or use prior knowledge.
Generalization (Stimulus Generalization)* Responding (CR) the same way to similar stimuli (CS).
Stimulus Any agent, event, or situation (internal or external) that elicits a response.
Acquisition* The attainment of a new information, behavior, or skill.
Extinction* No longer responding (CR) differently to similar stimuli (CS).
Observational Learning* The acquisition of behavior, skills, or information through watching others.
Insight Learning* Cognitive form of learning involving mental rearrangement of a problem to understand it.
Mirror Neurons Cells in the brain of some animals and humans that respond the same way to an action (ex: grabbing object).
Biological preparedness* Animals are predisposed to learn stimulus - response pairing.
Prepared Conditioning The idea that living beings evolved to learn behaviors to survive easier.
Self-Actualization* The realization that an individual is capable from maximum development of abilities and appreciation for life.
Self-Efficacy* An individual's subjective perception of their capability to perform or give desired results.
Modeling* A technique which learning occurs through imitation and observation only.
Partial Reinforcement A pattern which a desired behavior is only rewarded some of the time.
Intermittent Reinforcement A pattern of reinforcement in which only some responses reinforced.
Vicarious Reinforcement The process which a person becomes more likely do do a behavior by observing another do it.
Token Economy A program which desires behavior is reinforced by offering tokens exchangeable for other things.
Independent Variable The variable in an experiment that is manipulated before the outcome to assess its effect.
Created by: IloveGarfield:3
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