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Learning
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Behavioral Perspective | Examines how observable behaviors are learned and reinforced through interactions with the environment |
| Associative Learning | A process of learning in which an individual forms connections between events that occur together |
| Habituation | Non-associative learning; organisms grow accustomed to and exhibit a diminished response to a repeated or enduring stimulus (getting used to something over time) |
| Classical Conditioning | Learning method where we associate two stimuli, enabling is to anticipate events |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | Naturally and automatically triggers a response without learning |
| Conditioned Stimulus | Previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with a response through learning |
| Unconditioned Response | Automatic reaction to unconditioned stimulus |
| Conditioned Response | Response that is learned and occurs as a result of the conditioned stimulus |
| Acquisition | Initial learning of an association |
| Extinction | Process by which the conditioned response weakens and eventually disappears when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus |
| Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest, extinction suppresses association temporarily |
| Stimulus Discrimination | The ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond differently to them |
| Stimulus Generalization | Tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to conditioned stimulus |
| Higher-Order Conditioning | Process where a previously conditioned stimulus is used to create further associations with new neutral stimuli, resulting in these stimuli also eliciting a conditioned response |
| Counterconditioning | Changing a learned response to something more preferred by pairing it with a different response |
| Taste Aversion | Learned association between taste of a food and feeling sick, after one pairing |
| One-Trial Conditioning | Learning that happens quickly after just one pairing of two things |
| Biological Preparedness | Tendency of organisms to quickly learn associations between certain stimuli and responses that are relevant to their survival, such as food and danger |
| Operant Conditioning | A type of conditioning in which behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences, such as reinforcement or punishment |
| The Law of Effect | Behaviors followed by favorable outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by unfavorable outcomes are less likely to be repeated |
| Reinforcement | Any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior occuring again in the future |
| Primary Reinforcers | Things we naturally like, such as food and water |
| Secondary Reinforcers | Things we learn to like because they're connected to primary reinforcers or other things we like (money, praise, medals, etc.) |
| Reinforcement Discrimination | The ability to distinguish between stimuli and respond appropriately based on the presence or absence of reinforcement |
| Reinforcement Generalization | The tedency to respond similarly to different stimuli that are associated with the same reinforcement |
| Positive Reinforcement | Presenting/adding a desirable stimulus after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior happening again in the future |
| Negative Reinforcement | Removing an annoying stimulus after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior happening again in the future (beeping noise when seatbelt isn't fastened) |
| Positive Punishment | Adding an annoying stimulus after a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior happening again (giving chores as a consequence) |
| Negative Punishment | Removing a desirable stimulus after behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior happening again (taking away phone) |
| Shaping | Gradually reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the desired behavior, leading to the development of a complex behavior or skill |
| Instinctive Drift | Animals may go back to their natural instincts instead of learning new behavior |
| Reinforcement Schedules | Patterns determining when and how often reinforcement is given for a behavior |
| Continuous Reinforcement | Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs (giving a treat for every trick) |
| Partial Reinforcement | Reinforcing a behavior only some of the time it occurs, leading to slower extinction but also less consistent responding (treats are given occasionally, making behaviors more resistant to extinction) |
| Fixed Interval (FI) | Reinforcement is delivered after a fixed amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement, leading to predictable behavior (time-based) |
| Variable Interval (VI) | Reinforcement is delivered after varying amounts of time has passed, leading to a steady but moderate rate of responding (user receiving likes + comments when posting) |
| Fixed Ratio (FR) | Reinforcement is delivered after a fixed # of responses, leading to a high rate of responding w/ short pauses after each reinforcement (response-based) |
| Variable Ratio (VR) | Reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable # of responses, leading to a high and steady rate of responding with minimal pauses (slot machines) (response-based) |
| Post-Reward Pause | Little to no response after a reward is given |
| Increasing Response Rate | As time for the next reward decreases, response rate increasez |
| Behavioral Dynamics | Illustrates how anticipation of reinforcement influence response timing, with subjects optimizing their efforts based on the expected timing of rewards. |
| Learned Helplessness | A belief that one has no control over their circumstances, learned through repeated exposure to uncontrollable events, leading to feelings of positivity and lack of effort to change the situation |
| Social Learning Theory | Theory that emphasizes the importance of observing, imitating, and modeling behaviors, as well as the role of cognitive processes. in learning from others within social contexts |
| Vicarious Conditioning | Learning by observing the consequences of others' actions, without directly experiencing those consequences oneself |
| Insight Learning | Sudden understanding of a problem or situation that leads to a solution without prior trial and error, often accompanied by a feeling of "aha" or realization |
| Latent Learning | Learning that occurs without any obvious reinforcement or motivation, but is not demonstrated until there is a reason to do so |
| Cognitive Maps | Mental representations of spatial relationships or layouts, allowing individuals to navigate and understand their environment |
Created by:
o.t.2001
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