people create their identities by constructing broad

narratives about themselves that make a coherent identity and a sense of purpose

Erikson's concept of generativity

adults' concern for promoting the wellbeing of generations

the development of a life-story model of human identity, generativity, and adult development

Observational methods

A class of research techniques that involve gathering information by observing phenomena as they occur

Naturalistic Observation

Looking at phenomena as they occur (naturally) in the environment

Advantages of Naturalistic Observation

only practical way to study certain topics; Second, by its very definition, naturalistic observation is high in external validity

Naturalistic Observation may be

especially useful for complex, novel settings that would be hard to simulate in a laboratory.

many studies in environmental psychology rely heavily on naturalistic research because

they seek to answer questions about how people use physical spaces such as parks or plazas

Disadvantages of Naturalistic Observation

lack of control; timing and frequency of the event(s); bias; Reactivity

lack of control in naturalistic observation that is an asset when you are still developing your questions becomes

more problematic if you have already defined them

the best way to address participant observation is to acknowledge lack of objectivity is to

provide training and as many guidelines as possible for observers to minimize bias

A shift in an observed individual’s normal behavior as a result of the knowledge that he/she is being observed

reactivity is always a concern

when people in any setting know their behavior is being studied

A strategy for handling participant reactivity by keeping observers or recording equipment hidden from participants.

researchers may observe only public behavior

unless they have the consent of participants

Diminished response to a stimulus that comes about through repeated exposure to that stimulus

The taking of measurements at different time intervals; these intervals may be of fixed length or determined randomly

The recording of each occurrence of a particular behavior or event.

Participant observation

Looking at a behavior of interest by an individual who is part of the environment (for example, a parent making observations of a child during their normal interactions)

Structured observation: In contrast to the open-ended context of naturalistic observations, an approach where researchers exert

greater control over the setting in which the observation is occurring

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Observation, Case Studies, Archival Research, and Meta-analysis

Term	Definition
people create their identities by constructing broad	narratives about themselves that make a coherent identity and a sense of purpose
Erikson's concept of generativity	adults' concern for promoting the wellbeing of generations
Narrative psychology	the development of a life-story model of human identity, generativity, and adult development
Observational methods	A class of research techniques that involve gathering information by observing phenomena as they occur
Naturalistic Observation	Looking at phenomena as they occur (naturally) in the environment
ethology is	the study of animal behavior
Advantages of Naturalistic Observation	only practical way to study certain topics; Second, by its very definition, naturalistic observation is high in external validity
Naturalistic Observation may be	especially useful for complex, novel settings that would be hard to simulate in a laboratory.
many studies in environmental psychology rely heavily on naturalistic research because	they seek to answer questions about how people use physical spaces such as parks or plazas
Disadvantages of Naturalistic Observation	lack of control; timing and frequency of the event(s); bias; Reactivity
lack of control in naturalistic observation that is an asset when you are still developing your questions becomes	more problematic if you have already defined them
the best way to address participant observation is to acknowledge lack of objectivity is to	provide training and as many guidelines as possible for observers to minimize bias
Reactivity	A shift in an observed individual’s normal behavior as a result of the knowledge that he/she is being observed
reactivity is always a concern	when people in any setting know their behavior is being studied
Concealment	A strategy for handling participant reactivity by keeping observers or recording equipment hidden from participants.
researchers may observe only public behavior	unless they have the consent of participants
Habituation	Diminished response to a stimulus that comes about through repeated exposure to that stimulus
Time sampling	The taking of measurements at different time intervals; these intervals may be of fixed length or determined randomly
Event sampling	The recording of each occurrence of a particular behavior or event.
Participant observation	Looking at a behavior of interest by an individual who is part of the environment (for example, a parent making observations of a child during their normal interactions)
Structured observation: In contrast to the open-ended context of naturalistic observations, an approach where researchers exert	greater control over the setting in which the observation is occurring

Created by: james22222222

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