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Psychology: Memory
Psychology: Memory Cognition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Memory | The persistence of learning over time. It is info that has been acquired and stored, and can be retrieved. |
| Encoding | The 1st stage of memory, where perceived info is transformed into a format that can be processed and stored in the brain. |
| Storage | The process of retaining info in the brain over time. |
| Retrieval | The process of accessing bringing stored info back into conscious awareness. |
| Sensory Memory | The initial stage of memory where sensory info is stored for s very brief period. It acts as a buffer for stimuli received through the sense and retains impressions of these stimuli for a few seconds at most. |
| Iconic Memory | Type of sensory memory that briefly holds visual images. It captures a precise copy of a visual scene for a fraction of a second. |
| Echoic Memory | Type of sensory memory that remains auditory info. It holds sounds for 3-4 seconds, allowing the brain to process spoken language and other auditory stimuli. |
| Short-Term Memory | Temporarily holds a small amount of info typically for about 15 to 20 seconds. It has limited capacity. |
| Long-Term Memory | The stage of memory where info is stored indefinitely with a virtually unlimited capacity. It allows for the long-term retention of knowledge, skills, experiences, and facts. |
| Working Memory | Formal short-term memory used for temporarily holding and manipulating short-term and long-term memories combine. |
| Central Executive | The control center of working Memory. it manages attention, coordinates other memory components and integrates info from our sense and long-term memory. |
| Phonological Loop. | Component of working memory responsible for processing and storing verbal and auditory info. It consists of 2 parts. |
| Visuospatial Sketchpad | Component of working memory that handles visual and spatial info. It allows for the temporary storage and manipulation of images and spatial relationships, enabling task. |
| Long-Term Potentiation | Long lasting increase in signal transmission between neurons that results from their simultaneous activation. LTP is considered one of the major cellular mechanisms that underlines learning and memory. |
| Effortful processing | Type of memory that requires active work and attention to embed info into long-term memory. |
| Automatic Processing | The unconscious encoding of information about space, time, frequency, and well learned tasks. |
| Levels of Processing Model | Proposed that the depth at which info is thought about affects how well it is remembered |
| Shallow Encoding | A basic level of processing that focuses on surface characteristics of info such as the sound or appearance of words, with out engaging with it's meaning. |
| Structural/Phonemic | Type of shallow processing that focuses on the physical structure of information. |
| Deep Encoding | Involves thoroughly processing info by focusing on it's meaning and connecting it to existing knowledge. This type of encoding. |
| Chunking | Memory strategy that involves grouping individual pieces of information into larger, meaningful units. |
| Categories | Method of organizing information by grouping related items together into categories. |
| Hierarchies | Organizing information into a system of ranked categories or levels. This method enhances memory. |
| Mnemonics | Techniques used to improve memory. They help in recalling info by associating it with simple cues like patterns, vivid, images or rhymes. |
| Method of Loci | Mnemonic technique that involves associating items to be remembered with specific physical locations. |
| Explicit Memories | Involves conscious recall of facts and experiences. |
| Semantic Memory | Type of explicit memory that involves the recall of general facts and knowledge about the world. |
| Episodic Memory | Type of explicit memory that involves the recollection of personal experiences and specific events. |
| Autobiographical Memory | Type of memory that encompasses events and experiences from an individual own life. It combines episodic and semantic. |
| Implicit Memories | This type of memory does not require conscious thought and is crucial for performing everyday tasks automatically. |
| Procedural Memory | Type of implicit memory that involve the recall of how to perform tasks or skills automatically, it includes skill-based actions. |
| Prospective Memory | Remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point. |
| Massed Practice "Cramming" | Learning strategy where content is studied intensively over a short period without breaks. |
| Spacing Effect "Distributed Practice" | The phenomenon where learning is more effective when study sessions are spaced out overtime, rather than crammed into one session. |
| Maintenance Rehearsal | Learning technique that involves repeatedly reviewing information to keep it in short-term memory. |
| Elaborative Rehearsal | Memory technique that involves deep processing of info by adding meaning or connecting it to existing knowledge. |
| Retrieval Cues | Stimuli that helps bring previously learned info to mind. They okay a critical re in the process of retrieving memories and can be external and internal. |
| Recall | Type of memory retrieval that involves accessing info without the aid of cues (Retrieve info from memory spontaneously.) |
| Recognition | Type of memory retrieval that involves identifying information when it is presented. |
| Context-Dependent Memory | When you remember info better in the same environment where you first learned. |
| State-Dependant Memory | The phenomenon where memory retrieval is most effective when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed. |
| Mood-Congruent Memory | The tendency to recall info that is consistent with one's current mood |
| Serial Position Effect | The tendency to remember items at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (Recency) of a list better than those in the middle. |
| Primacy Effect | Cognitive phenomenon where individuals tend to remember items presented a the beginning of a list better than those that follow. |
| Recency Effect | Phenomenon observed in memory recall where the most recently presented items in a list are recalled more clearly and more accurately than the items in the middle. |
| Testing Effect | Phenomenon where long-term memory is enhanced when some of the learning period is devoted to retrieving the info through testing. |
| Meta Cognition | The awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes, especially in relation to learning and memory. |
Created by:
Claire.hardrath
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