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Pharm Chp 6
Pharmacy Tech JATC
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A muscle has involuntary contractions and occurs in the lining of the stomach , esophagus , uterus , and bladder | smooth |
| Which muscle relaxant has a topical cream dosage form ? | baclofen |
| Biologic response modifiers classified as DMARDS typically end in which of the following suffixes ? | mab |
| Which of the following should be avoided when taking muscle relaxants ? | cyclobenzaprine |
| Diazepam belongs to which controlled - substance schedule ? | C - IV |
| Which of the following drugs may cause a skin rash or yellowish discoloration of skin , eyes , or both? | metaxalone |
| Which of the following drugs may turn urine brown , black , or green ? | methocarbamol |
| Severe bone , joint , and muscle pain are associated with ___use | bisphosphonate |
| Which of the following drugs may enhance adverse reactions to corticosteroids ? | Trilisate |
| ___has a suppository dosage form . | Aspirin |
| are a class of drugs that have analgesic , antipyretic , and anti - inflammatory effects | NSAIDs |
| Healthcare workers who are pregnant should avoid or wear gloves when handling | misoprostol |
| Acetylsalicylic acid ( ASA ) is the chemical name for what drug ? | aspirin |
| Patients taking probenecid should not take___because they can prevent the excretion of uric acid and can precipitate an attack of gout . | salicylates |
| aspirin The enteric - coated ( EC ) form of a medication | should not be halved or crushed |
| Poisoning by which of the following drugs has become the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States ? | acetaminophen |
| Acetaminophen is a good first - line medication for mild to moderate pain , but not for which of the following patients ? | A patient who is an alcoholic |
| Acetyl - para - aminophenol ( APAP ) is the chemical name for which of the following drugs? | acetaminophen |
| ___is the antidote for an acetaminophen overdosed | Acetylcysteine |
| The oral dose of acetylcysteine must be given as a ___dose followed by a ___dose | loading ,maintenance |
| NSAIDs may ___to reduce fever than other agents but the effects ___ | take longer ; last longer |
| NSAIDs can cause damage to which of the following organs ? | kidneys |
| What drug used to treat arthritis has the following dosage forms : patch , tablet , topical ophthalmic | diclofenac |
| Which NSAID is available as an IV solution and a suppository ? | indomethacin |
| Which of the following drugs should only be used for a short term ( less than five days ) ? | ketorolac |
| Which of the following has the potential for cross - reactivity in patients who are allergic to sulfonamides ? | celecoxib |
| To treat rheumatoid arthritis , dugs must be administered that | Turn off the immune system |
| Which of the following is a DMARD that is injected subcutaneously every other week and stored in the refrigerator | adalimumab |
| Patients who take should be evaluated for latent TB prior to therapy and avoid live vaccines . | DMARDs |
| Which of the following is contraindicated with sepsis ? | etanercept |
| What drug is approved for Crohn's disease RA , ankylosing spondylitis , plaque psoriasis , psoriatic arthritis , and ulcerative colitis ? | Humira |
| Methotrexate is not used to treat | pain |
| Patients who have an allergy to sulfa drugs or salicylates should avoid which of the following drugs ? | sulfasalazine |
| What drug is used to treat acute attacks of gout ? | colchicine |
| ___are the most common drugs used to treat osteoporosis | Bisphosphonates |
| Which of the following is a supplement derived from the exoskeleton of shellfish that is used to improve pain and stiffness from OA ? | glucosamine |
| Which of the following is true about skeletal muscles ? | the voluntarily controlled |
| Which of the following muscle relaxants is a controlled substance ? | diazepam |
| How do salicylates reduce fever ? | increasing blood flow to skin and inhibiting PG synthesis |
| What patient should not take misoprostol ( Cytotec ) , a drug sometimes used to counter the gastric irritating effects of NSAIDs ? | pregnant women |
| Why should aspirin not be given to children ? | It can lead to the development of Reye's syndrome in children who have been exposed to chicken pox or other viral infections |
| What clinical effect or side effect of aspirin is also produced by acetaminophen ( Tylenol ) ? | fever reduction |
| liver damage | |
| Which of the following is an autoimmune disease ? | rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) |
| NSAIDs do not interact with which of the following drug classes ? | antacids |
| When injected , a 30 mg dose of which of the following NSAIDs is as effective as 12 mg of morphine in relieving pain ? | ketorolac |
| Which of the following drugs is least likely to produce GI irritation at analgesic doses ? | celecoxib |
| Which of the following is not an example of a disease - modifying antirheumatic drug DMARD ) ? | tramadol |
| Which of the following begins the process of muscle contraction ? | acetylcholine |
| Which disorder or disease requires muscle relaxants ? | multiple sclerosis |
| What warning label should appear on prescriptions for muscle relaxants ? | May cause drowsiness |
| An unlabeled use for baclofen ( Lioresal ) is to treat | hiccups |
| What nonnarcotic analgesic can be prescribed in the dosage form of gum ? | aspirin |
| What is the purpose of an antipyretic ? | reduce fever |
| To which class of drugs does acetaminophen belong ? | antipyretic analgesics |
| Which patient population should not take a mixed analgesic ? | alcoholics |
| Which type of arthritis results in loss of cartilage elasticity and thickness and causes bone to wear and become deformed ? | osteoarthritis |
| Which type of arthritis is characterized by inflammation of the joint's synovial membrane ? | rheumatoid arthritis |
| Rheumatoid arthritis is usually symmetric , which means that the | same joints on both sides of the body are affected |
| In addition to providing primary drug therapy for arthritis , NSAIDs are commonly used to treat | menstrual cramps |
| Which NSAID has an oral liquid form and is suitable for children ? | ibuprofen |
| What NSAID is the most used for gouty arthritis | indomethacin |
| Which of the following is used for the treatment of both acute and chronic gout ? | colchicine |
| Which of the following is a COX - 2 inhibitor ? | celecoxib |
| Which of the following drugs is an NSAID ? | ibuprofen |
| Joint | A place in the body where two or more bones meet |
| Ligaments | Connect bone to bone |
| Cartilaginous joints | Allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage |
| Synovial joints | Freely movable joints that contain a fluid-filled joint capsule |
| Fibrous joints | Consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together |
| Muscle | Tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body |
| skeletal muscle | striated, voluntary, multinucleated |
| Smooth muscle | Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body |
| Cardiac Muscle | Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart, striated |
| Bone remodeling | A constant process of buildup and breakdown of bone -Occurs to maintain appropriate mineral balance in the body |
| Osteoclasts | Cell that breaks down bone and releases calcium into the bloodstream |
| Osteoblasts | Cell that takes this calcium from the blood and uses it to build bone tissue |
| Long bones | Also responsible for the production of blood cells, including red blood cells and white blood cells |
| Skeletal muscles are controlled by | Impulses originating in the central nervous system (CNS) |
| 1)Electrical impulses are conducted through the ____ by ____(sensory and motor nerve cells) that communicate with the muscle at the ____ (the area of connection between a neuron and muscle fiber) | -Spinal cord -Somatic Neurons -Neuromuscular junction |
| 2)The somatic neurons release the neurotransmitter _____ | -Acetylcholine |
| es _____, causing a contraction in the muscle fibers | Calcium |
| Skeletal muscles relax when ACh is broken down by ______. Skeletal muscle contractions can be either voluntary (causing movement) or involuntary (maintaining posture and muscle tone) | Acetylcholinesterase |
| Arthritis | Inflammation of a joint |
| Osteoarthritis (OA) | Arthritis caused by loss of cartilage cushion covering bones in joint; most common in bearing weight joints; results in bone rubbing against bone -Typically affects spine, hips, knees, fingers, big toes |
| Acetylcysteine | The only antidote for acetaminophen overdose. Works by detoxifying the active metabolite of acetaminophen. Can be administered orally or intravenously. Given over 72 hours PO or 21 hours IV. Should be given within 4 hours of acetaminophen ingestion. |
| NSAIDs work by | Inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis in tissues, preventing pain receptors from becoming more sensitive to inflammation. They generally act in affected tissues rather than centrally like opioids. |
| Tips for safe NSAID use include the following | Take with food. Take sufficient fluids. Use antacids. Avoid gastric irritants such as alcohol. Use the lowest possible dose. Know the side effects. |
| The only NSAIDs with parenteral forms are | Ibuprofen, indomethacin, and ketorolac. For short-term use only. |
| Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | An autoimmune disorder where the immune system destroys the synovial membrane, causing inflammation, cartilage and bone destruction, and eventual joint fusion. |
| Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) | Agents that can potentially modify the disease progression of rheumatoid arthritis. |
| Biologic Response Modifiers (BRMs) | Target specific parts of the immune system responsible for inflammation and joint damage. |
| Auranofin (Ridaura) | Slows progression of RA and takes 4 to 6 months for effect. Side effects include renal toxicity, blood dyscrasias, and GI reactions. Unique because it is formulated with gold. |
| Azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran) | May take up to three months for therapeutic response in RA and depresses bone marrow function, increasing infection risk. |
| Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) | An antimalarial drug also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. |
| Methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Xatmep) | An antineoplastic agent used to treat cancers, arthritic conditions, and psoriasis. |
| Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine, Azulfidine EN-Tabs) | Used to treat ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis by reducing joint pain, swelling, and stiffness. |
| Injectable biologic response modifiers | Made using recombinant DNA technology and inhibit TNF or IL-1, which cause inflammation and joint damage. |
| Adalimumab (Humira) | Approved for RA and also used for ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn’s disease, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and ulcerative colitis. |
| Etanercept (Enbrel) | A biologically engineered protein that inhibits TNF and was the first biologic approved for RA. Used in moderate to severe RA when other therapies fail. |
| Golimumab (Simponi, Simponi Aria) | TNF inhibitor used to treat RA, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. |
| Infliximab (Remicade) | A DMARD initially approved for Crohn’s disease and now used for RA, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and ulcerative colitis. |
| Leflunomide (Arava) | A pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor that slows RA progression, reduces pain and swelling, and works additively with methotrexate. |
| Upadacitinib (Rinvoq) | A JAK inhibitor used for moderate to severe RA in patients with inadequate response or intolerance to methotrexate. |
| Gouty arthritis | Inflammation and painful joint swelling caused by excessive uric acid. |
| Tophus | A collection of sodium urate crystals. |
| Colchicine (Colcrys, Gloperba, Mitigare) | Used to treat acute gout attacks and prevent recurrences. Acts as an anti-inflammatory but has potentially toxic side effects. |
| Allopurinol (Aloprim, Zyloprim) | Preventive gout treatment that inhibits uric acid production as a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. |
| Febuxostat (Uloric) | A xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for chronic management of high uric acid levels in gout. |
| Probenecid | Preventive gout treatment that increases uric acid excretion by inhibiting renal reabsorption. |
| Osteoporosis | A condition in which bones become weak and fracture easily. |
| Bone Mineral Density (BMD) machine | Uses x-ray or ultrasound to measure bone density, often at the heel to estimate hip and spine density. |
| T-score | Compares an individual’s bone density to the peak bone density of a young healthy adult. |
| Bisphosphonates | Drugs that inhibit bone resorption. |
| Alendronate (Binostro, Fosamax) | Bisphosphonate dosed once daily or once weekly. |
| Ibandronate (Boniva) | Available as a monthly oral tablet or IV formulation every three months. |
| Risedronate (Actonel, Atelvia) | Oral bisphosphonate taken daily, weekly, or monthly. |
| Zoledronic acid (Reclast) | Bisphosphonate administered by IV infusion. |
| Oral bisphosphonates | Poorly absorbed and must be taken on an empty stomach with water. Patients should wait 30 minutes before eating and remain upright to prevent GI irritation. |
| Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) | Mimic estrogen’s beneficial effects on bone without increasing breast or uterine cancer risk. |
| Raloxifene (Evista) | A SERM indicated for the treatment of osteoporosis. |
| Denosumab (Prolia, Xgeva) | Inhibits osteoclast formation, reducing bone resorption and increasing bone strength in high-risk patients. |
| Teriparatide (Forteo) | A parathyroid hormone that stimulates new bone growth and increases bone mass in high-risk osteoporosis patients. |
| Romosozumab (Evenity) | Rapidly increases bone mineral density and is used in high-risk patients intolerant to other therapies. |
| Muscle spasms or cramps | Sudden, painful, involuntary muscle contractions. |
| Muscle relaxant | Reduces skeletal muscle contraction and spasms by acting on motor neurons or the neuromuscular junction. |
| Mechanisms blocking muscle function | Blocking acetylcholine release, preventing acetylcholine destruction, or preventing receptor binding. |
| Salicylates | Derived from white willow bark and used for analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. |
| Salicylates are indicated for | Arthritis inflammation, menstrual cramps, muscle pain, infection-related pain and fever, and simple headaches. |
| Aspirin | Acetylsalicylic acid that reduces cardiovascular risk at low doses by irreversibly inhibiting thromboxane A2 and platelet aggregation. |
| Choline magnesium trisalicylate (Trilisate) | Treats arthritis, reduces fever, and blocks pain impulses at lower antipyretic doses. |
| Salsalate (Disalcid) | Treats arthritis and is unique because it minimally inhibits platelet aggregation, reducing bleeding risk. |
| Acupuncture | A Chinese practice using needles at specific points to treat pain and disease. |
| Chiropractic care | Uses spinal manipulation and manual therapy to improve body function. |
| Chondroitin | A supplement sometimes combined with glucosamine for osteoarthritis, though effectiveness is unclear. |
| Glucosamine | A supplement derived from shellfish used to reduce OA pain and stiffness and slow joint degeneration. |
| Willow bark (Salix alba) | Contains salicin and is a traditional analgesic used for osteoarthritis pain. |
| A patient received 12 mL of a medication that has a concentration of 10 mEq/5 mL. How many milliequivalents did the patient receive? | 24 mEq |
| A patient is to receive 15 units of a medication that has a concentration of 10 units/mL. How many milliliters should be prepared for this patient? | 1.5 mL |
| A patient is to administer 120 units of insulin that has a concentration of 200 units/mL. How many milliliters should the patient administer? | 0.6 mL |
| A patient is to use 40 units of insulin twice daily. The insulin has a concentration of 100 units/mL and is available in 10 mL vials. How many vials will the patient need for a 30-day supply? | 3 vials |
| How many milliliters (mL) of a 0.4 mg/mL solution are needed to provide 2.8 mg of medication? | 7mL |
| How many milliliters (mL) of a 125 mg/10 mL solution are needed to provide 300 mg of medication? | 24mL |
| How many milligrams (mg) are in 24.8 mL of a 100 mg/10 mL solution? | 248 mg |
| How many milligrams (mg) are in 48 mL of a 200 mg/5 mL solution? | 1,920 mg |
| How many milliliters (mL) of a 1:2,000 solution are needed to provide an 800 mg dose? | 1,600 mL |
| An injectable medication is ordered for a final concentration of 500 mg/mL. You have 1 g of dry powder and add 1.4 mL of diluent. What is the powder volume? | 0.6 mL |
| A label states that a 2 g quantity of a medication should be reconstituted with 6.2 mL of diluent. The final concentration will be 250 mg/mL. What is the powder volume? | 1.8 mL |
| The label of a 4 g vial states that adding 32 mL of diluent to the vial will result in a concentration of 100 mg/mL. What concentration (mg/mL) will you achieve if you only add 12 mL of diluent to the vial? | 200 mg/mL |
| The label of a 2.5 g vial states that adding 20 mL of diluent to the vial will result in a concentration of 50 mg/0.5mL. What concentration (mg/mL) will you achieve if you add 35 mL of diluent to the vial? | 62.5 mg/mL |
| An injectable preparation comes packaged as a 4 g vial and states that you should add 35 mL to achieve a final concentration of 200 mg/2 mL. How much diluent should you add to achieve a final concentration of 125 mg/2 mL? | 59 mL |
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