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psych unit 4
all the terms from the ap psych unit 4 packet
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| conformity | adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
| normative social influence | influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval |
| social norms | a society’s understood rules for accepted and expected behavior; norms prescribe “proper” behavior in individual and social situations |
| social comparison | the process of evaluating oneself by comparing with others, often to assess one’s abilities, status, or opinions |
| relative deprivation | a feeling of dissatisfaction or injustice experienced when individuals compare themselves to others and perceive that they are worse off |
| upward social comparison | comparing oneself to others who are perceived to be better off or more skilled, which can motivate self-improvement but may also decrease self esteem |
| downward social comparison | comparing oneself to others who are perceived to be worse off, or less skilled, which can boost self-esteem but may also foster complacency |
| informational social influence | influence resulting from a person’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality |
| obedience | complying with an order or a command |
| social facilitation | in the presence of others, improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened behavior on difficult tasks |
| group polarization | the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group |
| groupthink | the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
| bystander effect | the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present |
| diffusion of responsibility | the tendency for individuals to feel less responsible for taking action or helping in a situation when others are present, leading to a decrease in the likelihood of intervention |
| social loafing | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
| deindividuation | the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity |
| attribution theory | explains how people decide whether someone’s behavior is caused by their personality or their situation |
| dispositional attributions | assuming a person’s actions are due to their personality, not their situation |
| situational attributions | assuming a person’s actions are due to their circumstances, not their personality |
| explanatory style | how a person usually explains the reason behind events; whether they blame themselves or outside factors |
| optimistic explanatory style | the habit of explaining good things as likely to happen again, and bad things as one-time events |
| pessimistic explanatory style | the habit of explaining bad things as likely to happen again, and good things as one-time events |
| culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
| fundamental attribution error | the tendency to blame people’s actions more on their personality and less on their situation |
| actor-observer bias | the habit of blaming our own actions on the situation but blaming other people’s actions on their personality |
| self-serving bias | the tendency to attribute one’s successes to personal characteristics and failure to external factors enhancing one’s self esteem |
| internal locus of control | the belief that one’s own actions and decisions directly influence the outcomes and effects in their life |
| external locus of control | the belief that outcomes and events are determined by external forces or fate rather than one’s own action |
| altruism | the selfless concern for the well-being of others leading to behavior that benefits others at a personal cost |
| social responsibility norm | the societal expectation that people should help others who need assistance without regard to future exchanges |
| stereotype | a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people |
| confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
| belief perseverance | the persistence of one’s initial conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | a belief that leads to its own fulfillment |
| prejudice | an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members; prejudice generally involves negative emotions, stereotyped beliefs, and a predisposition to discriminatory action |
| discrimination | in social psychology, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members |
| implicit attitudes | unconscious beliefs or feelings that influence a person’s behavior and perceptions without their awareness |
| just-world phenomenon | the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
| out-group homogeneity bias | the tendency to see members of an outgroup as more similar to each other than they really are, often perceiving them as less varied than members of one’s group |
| in-group bias | the tendency to favor and extend loyalty to members of one’s own group over those in other groups, often leading to preferential treatment and judgement |
| mere exposure effect | the tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them |
| ethnocentrism | the belief in the inherent superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture, often accompanied by a feeling of contempt for other groups |
| collectivism | a cultural pattern that prioritizes the goals of important groups (often one’s extended family or work group) |
| multiculturalism | the view that promotes the acknowledgement and respect of diverse cultural backgrounds and traditions, encouraging the coexistence and value of various cultural identities within society |
| superordinate goals | shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation |
| social traps | a situation in which two parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior |
| persuasion | changing people’s attitudes, potentially influencing their actions |
| elaboration likelihood model | a theory that describes how people process persuasive messages in two ways: through deep, thoughtful analysis (central route) or based on quick cues like how appealing or trustworthy the speaker seems (peripheral route) |
| central route of persuasion | occurs when interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguments |
| peripheral route of persuasion | occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness |
| halo effect | the cognitive bias where a positive impression in one area (like attractiveness) leads to positive evaluations in other areas, influencing overall judgements about a person |
| foot-in-the-door technique | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request |
| door-in-the-face technique | a persuasion strategy where a large initial request is made knowing it will be refused, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request that is more likely to be accepted |
| false consensus effect | a cognitive bias where people overestimate how much others agree with their own beliefs, behaviors, and attitudes |
| cognitive dissonance | a psychological discomfort experienced when simultaneously holding conflicting beliefs, attitudes, or values, often leading to an alteration in one of the beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort |
| industrial-organizational psychologists | the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces |
Created by:
hmayo
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