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S&P Final Exam

TermDefinition
What is sound (physical definition)? Pressure changes (vibrations) in the air caused by a sound source.
What is sound (perceptual definition)? The experience created when the auditory system interprets vibrations.
What is a pure tone? A sound with only one frequency.
What does amplitude relate to perceptually? Loudness.
What does frequency relate to perceptually? Pitch
What is a complex tone? A sound made of multiple frequencies.
What is the human range of hearing? About 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
Which frequencies are humans most sensitive to? 1,000–4,000 Hz.
What does the outer ear do? Collects sound waves.
What does the middle ear do? Transfers vibrations using the ossicles.
What does the inner ear do? Transduces sound vibrations into neural signals.
What is the function of inner hair cells? Send auditory signals to the brain.
What is the function of outer hair cells? Amplify and sharpen sound vibrations.
What is the auditory nerve? Carries signals from the cochlea to the brain.
What is Bekesy’s Place Theory? Pitch is determined by where vibration occurs on the basilar membrane.
Where are high frequencies processed in the cochlea? Near the base.
Where are low frequencies processed in the cochlea? Near the apex.
What is a tonotopic map? An orderly arrangement of frequencies from low to high
What is columnar organization? Neurons stacked vertically respond to similar frequencies.
What is phase locking? Neurons firing in sync with sound waves.
What type of pitch perception uses phase locking? Low-frequency pitch perception.
What is auditory plasticity? The auditory system’s ability to adapt and reorganize.
What causes hair cell damage? Loud noise, aging, or toxins.
Why is hair cell damage permanent? Hair cells do not regenerate.
What is a cochlear implant? A device that bypasses damaged hair cells and stimulates the auditory nerve.
What is auditory space? Our ability to locate sounds in the environment.
What is azimuth? Left-right sound location.
What is elevation? Up-down sound location.
What are binaural cues? Localization cues using both ears.
What is ITD (Interaural Time Difference)? Difference in sound arrival time between ears.
ITD works best for what type of sounds? Low-frequency sounds.
What is ILD (Interaural Level Difference)? Difference in sound intensity between ears.
What causes ILD? Acoustic shadow of the head.
ILD works best for what type of sounds? High-frequency sounds.
What are monaural cues? Localization cues using one ear.
What are spectral cues? Frequency changes caused by the shape of the outer ear.
What are narrowly tuned ITD neurons? Neurons that respond to specific ITDs.
What are broadly tuned ITD neurons? Neurons that respond to a range of ITDs.
What is an auditory scene? All sounds present in an environment.
What is auditory scene analysis? The process of separating and grouping sounds.
Why is hearing harder inside rooms? Echoes and reflections interfere with sound localization.
What is the precedence effect? The first sound dominates perception over echoes.
What is auditory grouping? Organizing sounds into meaningful sources.
Name one principle of auditory grouping. Similar pitch, timing, or common fate.
What is the acoustic signal of speech? A continuous sound wave carrying speech information.
What is a phoneme? The smallest sound unit that changes meaning.
What are articulators? Structures used to produce speech (tongue, lips, vocal cords).
What are formants? Stable frequency bands associated with vowels.
What are formant transitions? Rapid frequency changes associated with consonants.
What is coarticulation? Overlap of speech sounds during speaking.
What is perceptual constancy? Perceiving consistent speech sounds despite variation.
What is categorical perception? Hearing speech sounds as discrete categories.
What is VOT (Voice Onset Time)? Time between consonant release and vocal cord vibration.
What is the McGurk effect? Visual information changes what we hear.
What is the phonemic restoration effect? The brain fills in missing speech sounds.
Created by: user-2011063
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