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Cognition Unit 2

Cognition Unit 2 Memory

TermDefinition
Recognition* Sense of awareness when encountering something previously encountered.
Recall* Transfer prior learning/experiences to current consciousness.
Episodic Memory* Personal experiences tied to events or times (ex: birthdays, first day of school.)
Semantic Memory* Memory for general factual knowledge/concepts with meaning.
Maintenance Rehearsal* Repeating items to maintain them in short-term memory (ex: phone numbers.)
Mnemonic Aids (definition) A device or technique used to assist in memory usually by associations.
Method of Loci* A mnemonic technique which items are remembered by using specific locations in a mental image.
Peg-word Method* A mnemonic technique used to remember lists which each item is associated with another word.
Acronym Abbreviation in which each letter stands for a word beginning with that letter.
Chunking* The process which the mind divides information into chunks easier to retain in short-term memory.
Divided Attention Attention to 2+ channels of info. at the same time.
Encode* First step in memory to covert sensory info. into a format able to be stored, maintained, and retrieved.
Semantic Encoding* Encoding of new info. that focuses on its meaning.
Retrieval* The process of recovering/locating info. stored in memory (final stage.)
Memory Decay* The idea that memories become inaccessible over time unless they are practiced and used.
Forgetting Curve* Graph of the amount of forgetting over time after learning. There's a sudden drop shortly after learning, then a gradual decline.
Levels of Processing Model* The theory that encoding into memory depends on the depth of elaboration the info. receives.
Shallow/Surface/Maintenance Processing* Cognitive processing of a stimulus focusing on perceptual characteristics rather than meaning.
Deep Processing* Cognitive processing of a stimulus focusing on the meaning rather than perceptual characteristics.
Automatic Processing* Cognitive processes that occur with little/no attention/effort.
Massed Practice* A learning procedure in which practice periods occur close together in time.
Distributed Practice* A learning procedure in which periods of practice are separated by lengthy rest periods.
Proactive Interference* The interference occurring when previously learned material impairs new learning.
Retroactive Interference* The interference occurring when new learning impairs the ability to remember previously learned material.
Anterograde Amnesia* The inability to form new memories after injury to the hippocampus.
Retrograde Amnesia* The inability to retrieve explicit memories from long-term memory to working memory because of damage to the cerebral cortex.
Source Amnesia* The inability to remember how, when, or where information was learned.
Metacognition The awareness of one's own cognitive processes involving attempt to control them.
Prospective Memory* Remembering to do something in the future (ex: taking medication later.)
Priming The effect in which recent experience of a stimulus inhibits later processing of the same stimulus.
Procedural Memory* Long-term memory for skills involved in particular tasks unable to verbalize (ex: skating.)
Sensory Memory* Brief storage of info. from each of the senses relatively unprocessed.
Working Memory* Memory involved in the brief retention of info. in a highly accessible state.
Short-term Memory* The recognition or recall of 7 +/- 2 items for around 30 seconds.
Long-term Memory* A relatively permanent info. storage system that enables one to retrieve, and use for up to years after originally learned.
Flashbulb Memory* A vivid memory associated with a personally significant and emotional event.
Autobiographical Memory* One's memory for experiences that occurred in their own life (ex: one's first day of school.)
Eidetic/Photographic Memory* Highly accurate recollection of info. or visual experiences.
Echoic Memory* Retention of auditory information for a brief period after the stimulus ends.
Mood-Congruent Memory* The consistency between one's mood state and the emotional context of memories recalled (ex: positive moods retrieve good memories.)
State-Dependent Memory* Condition in which memory for a past event is improved when one is in the same state as the memory was formed in.
Iconic Memory* The retention of visual information for a brief period after the stimulus ends.
Implicit (Non-declarative) Memory Memory for a previous event/experience produced without requested recall.
Explicit (Declarative) Memory* Long-term memory of general knowledge/info. about personal experiences that can be consciously recalled requiring a request.
Serial Position Effect* Th effect of an item's position in a list on how well it's remembered.
Primacy Effect* The tendency for items presented first to be better remembered than material presented later.
Recency Effect* The tendency for items presented most recently to be remembered better that material presented earlier.
Misinformation Effect* The phenomenon in which a person mistakenly recalls misleading info. instead of accurately recalling info. presented earlier.
Framing The processing of defining context in a way that influences how the context is evaluated.
Infantile Amnesia* The inability to remember events from early childhood because the hippocampus hasn't developed enough yet.
Attention* A state in which cognitive resources are focused on a certain stimulus.
Selective Attention* Focusing one one stimulus while ignoring the others which allows people to focus on something without getting distracted.
Top-down Processing* Information processing which the hypothesis of a stimulus is influenced by one's knowledge.
Bottom-up Processing* Information processing which the recognition of a stimulus is based only on the incoming stimulus.
Opponent Process* Our emotional and sensory experiences involve opposing forces where an initial reaction triggers a second reaction.
Fluid Intelligence* The set of mental processes used in dealing with novel problems, independent of prior knowledge.
Crystallized Intelligence* The sum of one's knowledge measured by general information, and vocabulary.
Zone of Proximal Development* The difference between a child's actual ability and the ability they can achieve when assisted.
Negative Skew* When a distribution has more data points on the right, and a tail on the left indicating extreme values that pull the mean down.
Correlation Coefficient* The numerical index of the degree of linear relationship between two variables.
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)* Persistent strengthening of synapses after recent activity.
Experiment* Research using random participants with manipulative variables for an objective.
Consent* Voluntary approval given by an individual.
Confounding Variable* An influence that changes with the IV that could lead to a potentially false conclusion (ex: having students take a test earlier not counting for how well some slept.)
Case Study* An in-depth investigation in a single person/family/event where multiple types of data are assembled. (ex: used to understand one's background).
Naturalistic Observation* Data collection in a setting without manipulating variables. (ex: daily behavior studies of an animal).
Cross-sectional Study* The examination of data collected at a single point in time.
Yerkes-Dodson Law* Law stating the relation between motivation and performance can be represented by a U-curve.
Random Sampling* The selection of study participants at random from a larger potential group of eligible individuals so each participant has an equal chance.
Random Assignment* The assignment of participants to conditions of an experiment at random so each participant has an equal chance of selection.
Independent Variable* The variable in an experiment manipulated in order to assess its influence.
Dependent Variable* The outcome observed to change/occur in an experiment.
Control group* The comparison group in a study where the members receive a placebo task.
Mean* Numerical average of a set of scores (sum of all scores divided by the number of scores.)
Median* The middle value in a distribution.
Mode* The most frequently occurring score in a data set.
Range* A measure dispersion by subtracting the lowest score from the highest.
Created by: IloveGarfield:3
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