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PSYCH Final ExaM
PSYCH Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Descriptive Methods | Describes what is occuring. (observational studies, self-reports, case studies) |
| correlational methods | Tests the relationship between factors |
| expirimental methods | investigate what causes an outcome |
| Independent Variable(I.V.) | What the researcher manipulates/changes(the "cause") |
| Dependent Variable(D.V.) | What the researcher measures /evaluates (the "effect") |
| What does W.E.I.R.D stand for? | W-estern E-ducated I-ndustrialized R-ich D-emocratic |
| What is a western country? | U.S.A, Europe, Australia |
| How much of the world's population do WEIRD countries make up? | 16% |
| What percent of psychology participants are from WEIRD countries? | 96% |
| Funtionalism psychology's 2nd school of thought | Focused on the function (or purpose) of human consciousness & behavior. Arose as a response to Structuralism. Investigated how consciousness might cause our behavior. |
| Structuralism Psychology's 1st school of thought | Focused on defining the structure of conscious experience, by breaking it |
| Problems with Structuralism approach | It is subjective, Getting all analytic about your experience can |
| What is the institutional review board(IRB)? | A group of faculty,staff and community members that get together to review psychological research proposals to make sure that they are ethical. |
| What is the main obligation of the IRB? | To make sure that the research will be conducted in a way that minimizes any physical or psychological risks to the participants. |
| What must researchers provide each participant? | Researchers must provide each participant with full details necessary for the person to be able to make a fully informed decesion about participation in the research. |
| What does each participant have a right to? | Each participant has a right to privacy that is protected by the principle of confidentiality. |
| Debriefing: | Each participant has the right to full disclosure of the purpose and findings of the research after his or her participation is complete. |
| Participation of minors or other vulnurable persons | Certain participants cannot give full informed consent due to age or vulnurability. A parent or legal gaurdian must give consent for them. Pariticipant must agree to participate. |
| What are the four major lobes of the brain? | Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, and Occipital lobes. |
| What is the main function of the frontal lobe? | Responsible for decision-making, planning, personality, and voluntary movement. |
| What is the main function of the parietal lobe? | Processes touch, temperature, pain, and spatial awareness. |
| What is the main function of the temporal lobe? | Handles hearing, language comprehension, and memory. |
| What is the main function of the occipital lobe? | What is the main function of the occipital lobe? |
| What is synaptic transmission? | The process by which neurons communicate using chemical signals across a synapse. |
| What are neurotransmitters? | Chemical messengers released from one neuron to send signals to another neuron. |
| Where do neurotransmitters travel? | Across the synaptic gap (synapse) from the axon terminal of one neuron to the receptor sites on the next neuron. |
| What happens when neurotransmitters bind to receptors? | They trigger either an excitatory (activate) or inhibitory (reduce activity) response in the receiving neuron. |
| What happens to neurotransmitters after the signal is sent? | They are reabsorbed (reuptake), broken down, or drift away. |
| What is bottom-up processing? | Using raw sensory input to build perception from the basics up. |
| What is top-down processing? | Using prior knowledge, expectations, and experiences to interpret sensory information. |
| Top-down vs. bottom-up: What's the difference? | Bottom-up = data-driven; Top-down = knowledge-driven. |
| What are the major components of the eye? | Cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina, optic nerve. |
| What does the cornea do? | Protects the eye and helps focus incoming light. |
| What does the pupil do? | Controls how much light enters the eye. |
| What does the lens do? | Further focuses light onto the retina by changing shape. |
| What is the retina? | A layer of photoreceptors (rods and cones) that convert light into neural signals |
| What do rods do? | Detect low light, black-and-white vision, and motion. |
| What do cones do? | Provide color vision and detail in bright ligh. |
| What is the optic nerve? | The pathway that sends visual information from the retina to the brain. |
| What are the components of the outer ear? | Pinna and auditory canal. |
| What are the components of the middle ear? | Eardrum (tympanic membrane) and ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes). |
| What are the components of the inner ear | Cochlea, semicircular canals, and auditory nerve |
| What does the cochlea do? | Converts sound vibrations into neural signals. |
| What are hearing mechanoreceptors called? | Hair cells. |
| Where are hair cells located? | Inside the cochlea, on the basilar membrane. |
| What do hair cells do? | Bend in response to sound vibrations and send electrical signals to the brain |
| What is classical conditioning? | Learning through the association of two stimuli. |
| What is operant conditioning? | Learning through consequences—rewards or punishments. |
| Classical vs. Operant: Main difference? | Classical = involuntary responses; Operant = voluntary behaviors. |
| Example of classical conditioning (simple everyday)? | A dog salivates when it hears a bell because it’s been paired with food. |
| Example of classical conditioning (human)? | Feeling anxious when you hear dentist tools because of past pain. |
| Example involving fear conditioning? | A child becomes scared of a white coat after getting shots from the doctor. |
| Example of positive reinforcement? | Getting a reward for good grades increases studying behavior. |
| Example of negative reinforcement? | Taking pain medication to remove a headache increases future use. |
| Example of punishment? | Losing your phone for breaking rules decreases the bad behavior. |
| Example of operant conditioning in everyday life? | A dog sits because it gets treats for doing so. |
| What is behavioral shaping? | Reinforcing small steps toward a final desired behavior. |
| How does shaping work? | Reward each closer approximation of the behavior until the full behavior is learned. |
| Example of shaping? | Teaching a rat to press a lever by rewarding it first for moving toward it, then touching it, then pressing it. |
| What are the main stages of sleep? | NREM (Stages 1, 2, 3) and REM sleep. |
| What happens in NREM Stage 1? | Light sleep; drifting in and out; may experience jerks or falling sensations. |
| What happens in NREM Stage 2? | Deeper sleep; sleep spindles; body temperature and heart rate drop. |
| What happens in NREM Stage 3? | Deep, slow-wave sleep; hardest to wake; important for physical restoration. |
| What is the sleep cycle? | A full progression through NREM stages and REM sleep, lasting about 90 minutes. |
| How many sleep cycles occur per night? | Usually 4–6 cycles. |
| What is REM sleep? | Rapid eye movement sleep; brain is active; most vivid dreaming occurs. |
| What happens to the body during REM sleep? | Brain is active, breathing and heart rate increase, but muscles are paralyzed. |
| What is NREM sleep? | Non–rapid eye movement sleep; includes Stages 1–3; less dreaming. |
| Dreams in REM vs. NREM — what's the difference? | REM dreams are vivid and story-like; NREM dreams are brief and less detailed. |
| Why is REM sleep important? | Helps with memory, learning, and emotional processing. |
| What is encoding? | The process of taking in information and converting it into a form the brain can use. |
| What is storage? | Keeping information in the brain over time. |
| What is retrieval? | Accessing stored information when you need it. |
| What are the three main functions of memory? | Encoding, storage, and retrieval. |
| What is sensory memory? | A very brief memory that holds incoming sensory information for a split second. |
| How long does sensory memory last? | Only milliseconds to a couple of seconds. |
| What is short-term memory (STM)? | A limited-capacity memory system that holds information for about 20–30 seconds. |
| What is working memory (WM)? | An active form of short-term memory used to hold and manipulate information. |
| What is the capacity of short-term/working memory? | About 7 items (plus or minus 2). |
| What is long-term memory (LTM)? | A relatively permanent memory system with a large, possibly unlimited capacity. |
| How long can long-term memory last? | Potentially a lifetime. |
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