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Psych Disorders
Psychological Disorders: Definitions, Types, and Diagnostic Criteria
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a psychological disorder? | A clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior, associated with significant distress or disability. |
| What is a symptom in the context of psychological disorders? | A physical or mental feature that indicates a particular condition or psychological disorder. |
| Define syndrome in relation to psychological disorders. | A cluster of physical or mental symptoms typical of a particular condition that tend to occur simultaneously. |
| What is psychopathology? | The scientific study of psychological disorders or the disorders themselves. |
| What must a syndrome not be to qualify as a psychological disorder? | 1. An expectable response to common stressors and losses, 2. A culturally approved response to a particular event, 3. Simple deviance from social norms. |
| What does prevalence refer to in psychology? | How common a disorder is within a population. |
| What is point prevalence? | The percentage of people in a given population who have a specific psychological disorder at a particular point in time. |
| What is lifetime prevalence? | The percentage of people in a certain population who will experience a specific psychological disorder at any point in their lives. |
| What is the DSM? | The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the major psychiatric classification scheme used in the U.S. |
| When was the first edition of the DSM published? | In 1952. |
| What is the most recent edition of the DSM? | DSM-5-TR, published in 2022. |
| How many categories of psychological disorders does the DSM-5 provide? | 20 categories. |
| What is clinical assessment? | A procedure for gathering information needed to evaluate an individual's psychological functioning and determine if a clinical diagnosis is warranted. |
| What are the criteria for diagnosing Substance Use Disorder (SUD)? | Impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological indicators (tolerance and withdrawal). |
| What are the benefits of diagnostic labels? | 1. Creating a uniform framework for healthcare providers, 2. Aiding research collaboration, 3. Helping patients feel recognized. |
| What are the costs of diagnostic labels? | 1. Creating stigma, 2. Encouraging fixed views of disorders, 3. Reducing understanding of disorder overlap. |
| What is the diathesis-stress model? | A model suggesting that a pre-existing susceptibility interacts with stressors to manifest as symptoms of a disorder. |
| What does the biopsychosocial model emphasize? | The combination of biology, psychology, and social context in shaping health outcomes. |
| Give an example of a diathesis. | Neuroticism, childhood maltreatment, or learned helplessness. |
| What is learned helplessness? | A state of passive resignation to an aversive situation believed to be outside of one's control. |
| What are trauma- and stressor-related disorders? | Psychological disorders triggered by events involving actual or threatened death, serious injury, or bodily threat. |
| What are the typical psychological responses following a traumatic event? | Dissociation, intrusive symptoms, hypervigilance, avoidance symptoms, and negative alterations in cognition and mood. |
| What is acute stress disorder? | A trauma-related disorder lasting less than one month. |
| What is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? | A trauma-related disorder lasting one month or longer. |
| What percentage of North Americans develop PTSD after experiencing trauma? | Less than 10 percent. |
| What is major depressive disorder (MDD)? | A mood disorder characterized by feelings of sadness, emptiness, and anhedonia. |
| What is anhedonia? | Diminished interest or pleasure in activities that usually provide pleasure. |
| What is rumination in the context of mood disorders? | The process of repetitively turning emotional difficulties over in the mind. |
| What is the lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder for men and women? | 7-15 percent for men and 20-25 percent for women. |
| What are the cognitive symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)? | Feelings of inadequacy, difficulty in concentrating, and sleep disturbances. |
| What are the bodily symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)? | Muscle tension, elevated heart rate, diarrhea, and breathing difficulty. |
| What is bipolar disorder? | A mood-related disorder characterized by both manic and depressive episodes. |
| What is hypomania? | A mild form of mania marked by high spirits and self-confidence. |
| What is the concordance rate for depression in identical twins compared to fraternal twins? | It is twice as high in identical twins. |
| What is a negative cognitive schema? | A mental framework where a person consistently interprets events negatively. |
| What social factors increase the risk of depression? | Early parental loss, a depressed caretaker, family criticism, and low socioeconomic status. |
| What is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? | A disorder usually diagnosed in children involving impulsivity, fidgeting, and difficulty shifting attention. |
| What is the prevalence of ADHD in children and adults? | 8.5 percent in children and 4 percent in adults. |
| What medications are commonly used to treat ADHD? | Stimulants like Ritalin (methylphenidate) and Adderall (amphetamine salts). |
| What is a concern regarding the diagnosis of ADHD? | It may be overdiagnosed and medicalizes normal variation. |
| What are the symptoms of acute mania? | High excitement and energy, racing thoughts, and a feeling of invincibility. |
| What is the significance of the World Health Organization's identification of depression? | It is recognized as a leading cause of years lost to illness. |
| What factors contribute to mood disorders? | Interactions between biological, psychological, and social factors. |
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skyfalls
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