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AP Exam #4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| culture | behavior, patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group that passed from generation to generation |
| ethnocentrism | tendency to favor one’s own group over other groups |
| Socioeconomic Status (SES) | a grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics |
| what does research suggest about differences in child rearing related to SES? (3) | risk of experiencing low achievment and occupational attainment in adulthood health difficulties and emotional problems schools have fewer resources |
| what are the potential consequences of living in poverty? (3) | 1) advances in cognitive growth --> adolescents more likely t o be aware of social disadvantages 2) psychological effects: feeling powerless, vulnerable to disaster, range of alternatives = restricted 3) widespread environmental inequalities |
| individualistic cultures | priority to personal goals rather than to group goals |
| collectivist cultures | emphasizes values that serve the group; preserve group integrity, interdependence of the members, and harmonious relationships |
| what are the criticism of the emphasis on individualism in many Western cultures? | undermining basic species needs for relatedness; another general criticism of both is that individualist/collectivist are too broad and simplisitc, esp. with increased globalization |
| what differences exist in child rearing (individualistc vs. collectivist)? | individualistic: personal choice, intrinsic motivation. self-esteem , self-maximization collectivistic: connectedness to the family and other close relationships, orientation to the larger group, respect and obedience |
| biopsychosocial approach | problems are caused by combination of biological, psychological, and social factors *social factors examples: family, peers, schools, SES, poverty, neighborhoods, social media |
| what is developmental psychopatholoy | describing and exploring the developmental pathways of problems; dev. pathway = continuities and transformations in factors that influence outcomes |
| internalizing problems | turning problems inward *depression, anxiety |
| externalizing problems | turning problems outward *delinquency |
| problem-focused coping *how is it related to psych health? | strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them *good way to go! |
| emotion-focused coping *how is it related to psych health? | responding to stress in an emotional manner, usually using defense mechanisms *can be adaptive and maladaptive (avoidant coping) |
| types of stress + what are common sources of stress for adolescents? | acute, chronic, physical/emotional/psychosocial effects can be compounded common sources: wasting time, loneliness, worrying about meeting high achievement standards |
| symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder | depressive episode + characteristics for at least two weeks or longer; daily functionign becomes impaired |
| which developmental period does depression become more prominent during? | adolescence *may stem from untreated anxiety disorders |
| addiction definition + characteristics | primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, and memory related circuitry *can't abstain, impariment w/ behavioral control, craving, diminished recongition, dysfunctional emotional resposne |
| causes + contributiong factors for addiction | genetics and environment combo exposure to overwhelming trauma or strssors disruption of health social supports and problems in interpersonal realtionships |
| health concerns of marijuana use | risk for psychotic disorders inc. with frequency linked to decline in IQ when used in adolescence lined to development of other drug use disorders |
| what is genetic predisposition to addiction (%) | 50 |
| (T/F) It is important for clinicians working with traumatized patients to reinforce the idea that hope is attainable for the patient, since many patients do not believe this. | T |
| The stated purpose of the film is to minimize | mislabeling and misdiagnosis |
| Many of the behaviors which Manny exhibited can be explained because he is a victim of | complex trauma |
| What reason is given in the film as to why clinicians don’t always ask for trauma histories from their patients | -They review the chart and see that it says there is no history of abuse, and they don't ask again. - Some clinicians believe asking about trauma history is harmful. -Some people do not believe that trauma can have negative impacts. |
| One of the statistics shown during the credits of the film stated that 1 in 6 children between the ages of _______ receive a psychiatric diagnosis. | 2-5 years old |
| weight stigma | attribution of negative beliefs or biases based solely on weight, which can result in actions taken against the target of the bias |
| who puts weight stigma on children and teens? % of youth effected? | parents, peers, educators, friends, fam members, healthcare providers *25-50% of youth bullied due to weight |
| weight stigma - relationships to eating disorders (6) | contributes to development of EDs, binge eating, social isolation, decreased physical activity, avoidance of healthcare services, increased weight gain |
| anorexia nervosa + 3 characteristics | eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation *clinically significant level of being underweight *intense fear of lbs. gain that doesn't decrease w/ weight loss *distorted image of body shape |
| other EDs | Orthorexia (obsession w/ eating "healthy" food OSFED (symptoms similar to one or more EDs, but do not meet all criteria) ARFID (Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder; not about body shape) Laxative abuse Compulsive expertise |
| ___% of children ages 3-17 diangosed with anxiety | 9.4 |
| for children with anxiety, more than __ in __ also had behavioral problems and ___ in ___ also had depression | 1 in 3; 1 in 3 |
| about ___ in ___ children with depression also had anxiety | 3 in 4 |
| ____% of children with anxiety also have behavioral problems | 75 |
| _____% of children who act out (behavioral problems) have anxiety, ___ in ___ also had depression | 35; 1 in 5 |
| anxiety triad | reciprocal interaction of: cognitions, physical symptoms, behaviors |
| __ in ___ of children with anxiety recieved treatment | 6 in 10 |
| most effective treatment for anxiety disorders | cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) |
| Panic disorder characteristics (7) | Sudden feelings of intense fear that can seem to come from out of blue Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks Worried about having another panic attack Being overly clingy Trouble sleeping Attacks involve cycle Anxiety spirals after control |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) (2 main components) | unwanted and intrusive thoughts that can’t seem to get out of heads = “obsessions” thoughts often compel person to repeatedly perform ritualistic behaviors and routines (compulsions) to try and ease their anxiety |
| exposure treatment (3) | Exposure takes preparation Therapist praise, modeling, psychoeducation, and/or cognitive strategies, self-monitoring Often used rewards, relaxation, parent psychoeducation, parent coping strategies |
| cycle of avoidance (3) | operant conditioning negative reinforcement: escape bad situation active avoidance strategies |
| nearly ___ in ___ teens experienced depression in 2023 | 1 in 5 |
| symptoms of depression / warning signs of suicide (5) | Prolonged anger, frustration, tearfulness Withdrawal from activities of previous enjoyment Loss of relationships or lack of interest Change in appetite Trouble sleeping, excessive sleep |
| symptoms of depression / warning signs of suicide (4) | Moving / speaking slowly, or histrionic speech Difficulty concentrating or remembering info Increased thoughts or references to death or suicide; SH behaviors IRRITABILITY |
| most effective treatment for depression | cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): role of thoughts, feelings, behaviors and their interactive effect in maintaining or reducing depression |
| Not having close relationships, less friend contact, peer rejection → | increased derpressive tendencies |
| ____ = main predictor of suicidal ideation | depression *60% of adolescent suicide victims having depressive disorder at time of death |
| major depression | Symptoms of depression most of day, nearly everyday, for at least two weeks that interferes with ability to work, sleep, study, eat, and enjoy life *Can occur once or multiple efforts |
| disruptive mood regulation disorder (DMDD) (4 things) | Childhood condition of extreme irritability, anger, frequent intense outburst Typically before age 10 Beyond normal irritability Must have symptoms steadily for 12 or more months to be diagnosed |
| persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) | Symptoms of depression that last at least 2 years |
| increased rates of teen depression and suicide (4) | Family stressors such as finances Increased access to lethal means and exposure to violence Experiencing trauma personally Social media and media can be triggering and facilitating |
| a ___ of treatment methods has been found to show improvement in depressive symptoms | combination |
| Interpersonal Therapy | Recognizing emotions and working to improve interpersonal communication + problem solving skills |
| protective factors associated with suicide (6) | Effective clinical care + easy access Family/community support (connectedness) Support from medical + MH care relationships Skills in problem solving + conflict resolution Cultural/ religious beliefs: discourage suicide; support self-preservation |
| self-injury | act of physically hurting oneself without the intent to die *risk factor for FUTURE sucidal behavior |
| why do people self-injure | Do it to cope with upsetting feelings, feel something when numb, express pain |
| 2 explanations why depression is underdiagnosed in adolescence | 1) Behavior is how teens are, not mental disorder but just normal and transitory 2) Family factors are involved: inept parenting, P-A conflict, low parental support, mother-daughter co-rumination, exposure to maternal depression |
| adolescent girls are ___ likely to develop depression than their male coutnerparts | more *Gender difference isn't true for all countries (China) |
| why are adolescent girls more likely to be depressed? (4) | Tend to ruminate in depressed mood + amplify it Self-image, body image = more negative Face more discrimination Puberty is earlier |
| acculturative stress | negative consequences that result from contact btwn two distinctive cultural groups |
| developmental assests: internal assests | academic engagement, positive identity, positive values, social competencies |
| developmental assests: external assests | support, mattering and belonging, boundaries, and extracirccicular participation |
| ____% of children in US experience traumatic event before age of 4 | 26 |
| ___ in ____ children between ages of ______ receive a psychiatric diagnosis | 1 in 6; 2-5 |
| a majority of juveniles in detention will witness ___+ traumatic events by the time they are detained *what is the average? | 6 *avg is 14 traumatic events |
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