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psych unit 0
ap psych unit 0 key terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| critical thinking | thinking that does not automatically accept arguments and conclusions, instead examining assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions |
| hindsight bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it |
| peer reviewers | scientific experts who evaluate a research article’s theory, originality, and accuracy |
| theory | an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events |
| hypothesis | a testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
| falsifiable | the possibility that an idea, hypothesis, or theory can be disproven by observation or experiment |
| operational definition | a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study |
| replication | replicating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced |
| case study | a non-experimental technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
| naturalistic observation | a non-experimental technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to mainplate and control the situation |
| survey | a non-experimental technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by collecting a representative random sample of the group |
| social desirability bias | bias from people’s responding in ways they presume a researcher expects or wishes |
| self-report bias | bias when people report their behavior inaccurately |
| sampling bias | a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample |
| random sample | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
| population | all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn |
| correlation | a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other |
| correlation coefficient | a statistical index of the relationship between 2 variables, from -1 to 1 |
| variable | anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure |
| scatterplot | a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of 2 variables, the slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the 2 variables, the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the relationship |
| illusory correlation | perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship |
| regression toward the mean | the tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) toward the average |
| experiment | a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process; by random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors |
| experimental group | in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment |
| control group | in an experiment, the group not exposed to a treatment |
| random assignment | assigning participants to control and experimental groups by chance, and minimizing preexisting differences in the two groups |
| single-blind procedure | the research participants don’t know if they got a drug or a placebo |
| double-blind procedure | the research participants and the research staff don’t know if they got a drug or a placebo |
| placebo effect | experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent |
| independent variable | in an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied |
| dependent variable | in an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated |
| confounding variable | in an experiment, a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results |
| experimenter bias | bias caused when researchers may unintentionally influence results to confirm their own beliefs |
| validity | the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to |
| quantitative research | a research method that relies on quantifiable, numerical data |
| qualitative research | a research method that relies on in-depth, narrative data that are not translated into numbers |
| informed consent | giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate |
| debriefing | the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants |
| descriptive statistics | numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups; include measures of central tendency and measures of central variation |
| histogram | a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution |
| mode | the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution |
| mean | the arithmetic average of a distribution |
| median | the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it |
| percentile rank | the percentage of scores that are lower than a given score |
| skewed distribution | a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value |
| range | the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
| standard deviation | a computed value of how much scores vary around the mean score |
| inferential statistics | numerical data that allows one to generalize from sample data the probability of something being true of a population |
| meta-analysis | a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion |
| statistical significance | a statistical statement of how likely it is that a result (such as difference between samples) occurred by chance, assuming there is no difference between the populations being studied |
| effect size | the strength of the relationship between 2 variables; the larger the effect size, the more one variable can be explained by the other |
| normal curve | a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean, and fewer and fewer scores fall near the extremes |
Created by:
hmayo
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