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Chap 8
Chap 8 - Cognition and Language
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cognition | thinking and using what you know |
| Choice Blindness | not noticing when the choice you're shown doesn't match the one you actually picked |
| Attention | focusing on some things more than others |
| Bottom-Up Process | your senses automatically guide what you notice |
| Top-Down Process | you purposely direct your attention |
| Pre-Attentive Process | something that pops out instantly without effort |
| Attentive Process | something you have to carefully look for |
| Stroop Effect | it's easier to read a word than say the color it's printed in |
| Change Blindness | not noticing changes in a scene |
| ADD | trouble staying focused, being impulsive, and not following through |
| ADHD | same as ADD but with extra movement/fidgeting |
| Choice-Delay Task | tests whether someone chooses small/immediate rewards or larger/later ones |
| Stop-Signal Task | tests how well someone can stop themselves once they've already started an action |
| Prototypes | the most typical or common example of something |
| Spreading Activation | thinking of one idea makes related ideas come to mind |
| Priming | what you see or hear first affects how you respond to what comes next |
| Type 1 Processing | fast, easy, automatic thinking |
| Type 2 Processing | slow, careful thinking that needs effort |
| Algorithm | a step-by-step method guaranteed to find the right answer |
| Heuristics | quick, simple strategies for guessing answers |
| Maximizing | looking at many options to find the very best one |
| Satisficing | choosing the first option that's "good enough" |
| Representative Heuristic | assuming something belongs to a group because it looks like a typical member |
| Base-Rate Information | how common each group or category actually is |
| Availability Heuristic | thinking something is common because examples come to mind easily |
| Critical Thinking | carefully judging evidence before making a decision |
| Confirmation Bias | only looking for evidence that supports what you already believe |
| Functional Fixedness | only seeing one use for an object and not thinking of other possibilities |
| Framing Effect | your answer changes depending on how a question is worded |
| Sunk Cost Effect | continuing something just because you already spent time or money on it |
| Near Transfer | getting better at a skill because you practiced a similar one |
| Far Transfer | getting better at a skill even though what you practiced was very different |
| Productivity | the ability to create endless new sentences |
| Transformational Grammar | rules for turning ideas into sentences |
| Williams Syndrome | a genetic condition where people have low general intelligence but strong language skills |
| Language Acquisition Device | a built-in ability humans have to learn a language |
| Broca's Aphasia | trouble speaking; speech is slow or broken |
| Wernicke's Aphasia | speech sounds fluent but doesn't make sense; trouble understanding words |
| Phoneme | a single sound in a language |
| Morpheme | the smallest unit of meaning |
| Word-Superiority Effect | you recognize letters better when they appear in a real word |
| Fixations | moments when your eyes stop moving |
| Saccades | quick jumps your eyes make between fixation points |
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