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psy 400 Ch1 to p 16
psy 400 Ch1 to Conducting Your Own Research to Evaluate Claims
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| WHY YOU SHOULD CARE ABOUT RESEARCH METHODS | understand research findings and advertisements; make everyday decision; conduct research |
| METHODS FOR EVALUATING CLAIMS | mention a specific expert; read and evaluate the actual research; search for similar results, or converging evidence |
| converging evidence | multiple research investigations that provide similar findings; conduct your own research project to test the claims |
| Trust the Experts: faculty, scientists at known institutes; peer reviewed | based on the original data; problem with using secondary sources: telephone game; sample size; quotes the lead researcher |
| Don't trust the experts | receive payment; conflict-of-interest; rife with discrepancies, including falsified data and misreported or changed time frames, symptoms, and diagnoses |
| Cognitive Biases: outside of our conscious control | may lead you to respond in a particular manner that may be flawed |
| Heuristic: outside of our conscious control; understanding of a particular bias or heuristic does not protect | gives adequate but often imperfect solutions to difficult problems. |
| cognitive miser model | attend to only a small amount of information, using as much prior information and experience as possible |
| You can overcome cognitive miser model bias in your own research by | reading the background literature as thoroughly as possible |
| availability heuristic | an individual overestimates the likelihood of an event that comes easily to mind; relatively rare events believed frequent |
| discounting base-rate information in favor of anecdotal evidence | such as buying a new car, based on a friend's experience rather than on detailed source knowledge |
| Anchoring | A heuristic that leads individuals to use a particular value to estimate an unknown quantity and adjust their estimate |
| Framing effect | A cognitive bias where inconsequential differences in wording leads respondents to vary choices |
| Kinds of frames | a positive (a gain frame) or negative (a loss frame) |
| Stroop effect | A specific cognitive bias influenced by knowledge of meaning over print color |
| overconfidence bias | individuals are often highly confident in a decision even when it has little or no relation to how correct that decision might be |
| belief perseverence bias | cling to a theory even when they are presented with contradictory evidence |
| self-serving bias | perceive yourself (or your own research) more favorably than is warranted |
| in-group bias | view your own or your laboatory's research more positively |
| causality bias: randomly correlated events | because of proximity of time and place |
| Mood effect: researchers and subjects | Influence on decision making that occurs because of either a positive or a negative mood state. |
| Decision fatigue | quality of decision making declines as an individual is required to make a large number of decisions in a short period of time. |
| cognitive biases and heuristics should not lead you to conclude that your own judgments are always flawed or incorrect | but as an antidote to the cliche that you should always "follow your gut." |
Created by:
james22222222