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eating disorders
terms and notes for Eating Disorders and Obesity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Orexigenic | anything that increases appetite |
| anorexiant | anything that decreases appetite |
| satiety | filled up, satiated, not hungry |
| “adipocytes” | Fat cells |
| “hyperphagic” | eats too much |
| Heritability | fraction of the variation of a trait attributable to genetic factors |
| Obesity | rarely due to the effects of single, dominant genes (Mendelian inheritance) |
| Family studies | Obesity is twice as likely if you have an obese family member and the risk increases with severity of the obesity of the proband |
| genetic effect | probably accounts for between 30 and 70 percent of the total variance. |
| The “matrimonial effect” | Consider non-random mating |
| genes | specific gene sites are largely unknown |
| evolutionary history | selection probably favored efficient energy storage |
| traits for thinness | There are pure-bred strains of pigs, cattle, and mice that stay lean despite having free access to palatable, energy-dense foods |
| BMI | percentile after adjustment for age, sex, and ethnicity |
| Oher factors to consider besides the BMI | stability, age, parity, dieting behavior, substance abuse and diseases |
| Stability | Has the person always been underweight? |
| Age | What age was the person when they became underweight |
| Parity | How many children has the woman had? |
| Dieting behavior | Have they engaged in behavior designed to lose weight? |
| Diseases | Do they have diseases like cancer or anorexia that have led them to lose weight |
| Substances | Nicotine? Heroin? |
| Leptin studies | Show that mice without leptin receptors were super obese and a mutation in the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) has been found in 3-5% of the human population with BMI > 40 |
| Leptin | a protein hormone produced by fat cells that signals satiety |
| Leptin concentrations | increase with obesity and percentage of body fat |
| High leptin levels for women | Women have higher leptin levels even when corrected for body fat percentages |
| Limiting leptin | Fasting significantly limits leptin levels |
| Some of the effects of leptin | Increases sensitivity to insulin and increases glucose uptake Reduced blood sugar levels |
| Weight gain | tends to be associated with increased serum (blood) levels of leptin |
| Weight loss | lower levels of leptin |
| Fat cells and leptin | As fat content increases in a fat cell, so does the amount of leptin |
| where is leptin | Leptin receptors occur in a variety of nervous system sites including the hypothalamus, brainstem, basal ganglia, and cortex |
| Weird leptin | Rare leptin gene mutations make people leptin-deficient and severely obese |
| leptin deficiency | One severely obese, leptin-deficient woman was successfully treated with daily leptin injections |
| Weight | very stable over time |
| Phenotype | is determined by genetic and environmental factors |
| How do leptin concentrations increase | with obesity and percentage of body fat |
| How does fasting affect leptin levels | fasting significantly limits leptin levels |
| What does weight gain in humans tend to be associated with? | Increased serum (blood) levels of leptin |
| How is weight loss associated with leptin? | Weight loss is associated with lower levels of leptin |
| What happens to leptin as fat content increases in fat cells? | The amount of leptin increases as fat content increases in the fat cells |
| Where are leptin receptors in the nervous system? | Leptin receptors occur in the hypothalamus, brainstem, basal ganglia and the cortex |
| What is the RMR Resting Metabolic Rate? | The amount of energy expended when subject is awake but resting |
| What is Thermogenesis? | Thermogenesis is The increase in RMR (Resting Metablic Rate)due to food intake |
| What is NEAT? | NEAT is Non Exercise Activity Thermogenesis and it simply means the amount of movement in general used in everyday living |
| What are some examples of energy density foods? | chocolate and peanut butter |
| What do energy dense foods do? | Energy dense foods suppress satiety signals |
| What does satiation mean? | Satiation refers to the process that brings a meal to an end. |
| What does satiety mean? | Satiety refers to the inhibition of hunger at the end of a meal and between meals. |
| What does Anthropometry mean | Anthropometry can be used to estimate total body fat by means of Height, weight, BMI, skin fold thickness, and saggital circumference. |
| What is bioimpedence analysis? | BIA Bioimpedence analysis shows that lipids have more resistance to AC current. |
| How do you measure your BMI? | BMI is your weight in kilograms divided by the square of your height in meters. |
| What is densitometry?= | Densitometry is based on the fact that fat is less dense than fat free mass. |
| What are the five methods for measuring dietary intake? | 1. Diet Histories 2. Food Records 3. 24 hour dietary recall 4. Food Frequency Questionnaires 5. Food Lists |
| What are two well validated structured interviews? | Eating Disorder Exam (EDE)This is the current interview of choice Four Subscales include restraint, eating concern, shape, and weight concern |
| What is EAT? | EAT is the eating attitude test 26 item measure |
| What are some self reporting inventory tests? | The eating disorder inventory II and the EAT eating attitude test |
| what is cheat? | Cheat is the childrens eating attitudes test or the childrens version of eat. |
| what is BET | BET is the Behavioral eating test A standardized test meal used with children |
| what is BATMAN? | Batman is bob and toms method of assessing nutrition |
| What kinds of foods do children prefer? | Foods high in sugar, fat, and salt |
| Who are the usual dieters | There are more normal weight dieters than obese dieters |
| What does starvation do to the brain | Starvation studies show poor concentration, distractibility and food obsessions |
| What is counterregulatory eating? | Counterregulatory eating refers to the tendency of starving (or dieting) people to increase calorie intake after breaking a fast |
| How is dietary restraint disrupted? | Dietary restraint is disrupted by stress, alcohol, being around good food, being around attractive people and being fooled by bogus scales. |
| What are the two variables in classifying dieters? | Two variables of dieters are flexible vs rigid control and High Vs low disinhibition |
| How do you describe rigid control and high disinhibition? | Rigid control and High Disinhibition describes the subset of dieters most likely to show counterregulatory eating. |
| Who are the most likely dieters to show counterregulatory eating CE | Obese subjects are the most likely to show classic counterregulatory eating CE following restraint and subjects with a history of BED |
| What is central distribution of fat | when most of the excess fat is in the chest and belly this is also the most unhealthy |
| When is the risk of CVD Doubled? | The risk of CVD is doubled in patients with BMI in the 25-30 range (overweight) |
| Obesity is associated with what three characteristic changes in lipids (fats) circulating in blood: | Increased triglyceride levels Increased LDL (low-density lipoprotein) Decreased HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein) |
| There are strong associations between obesity (particularly in women) and incidence of cancer What are they | Higher rates of cancer of endometrium, gallbladder, cervix, and ovaries among obese women Higher rates of breast cancer in post-menopausal obese women |
| What are the benefits of even modest weight loss? | Modest weight loss improves both the glucose to insulin ratio and the profile of serum lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol) |
| What are the benefits of breast feeding? | Breast feeding for less than three months is associated with increased weight gain after children enter school. |
| what are the results of maternal smoking? | offspring of children whose mother smoked during pregnancy have a significantly increased risk of overweight later in life. |
| what are the effects of untreated sleep apnea in children | Untreated OSA can lead to enuresis, attentional problems, poor academic as well as cardiopumonery disease Obese children with OSA often have daytime somnolence |
| What are some of the apparent causes of obesity? | Increased screen time Suburbanization of demographics; impracticality of walking and biking places Number of dual income families Poverty Parental difficulties with setting limits Overscheduled lifestyles Childhood nutrition |
| What are the Three classes of Bingeing | Three classes: A. Bingeing but not obese (because of compensatory behaviors), B. Bingeing and obese, C. Obese but not bingeing |
| What are some of the ways that society punishes obesity? | Discrimination in Employment: Less likely to be hired Perceived to be lazy, incompetent, undisciplined, disagreeable Paid less than smaller women of same qualifications Less likely to be promoted to managerial positions More likely to be terminated. |
| What happens when the bodys counterregulatory systems kick in? | When the bodys counterregulatory systems kick in when weight loss occurs it slows the weight loss and promotes weight gain. |
Created by:
julie livingston
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