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Chap 6
Chap 6 - Classical Conditioning & Behaviorism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Behaviorism | psychology should focus only on observable behavior and what causes it |
| Stimulus-Response Psychology | explains behavior by saying a stimulus causes a response |
| Unconditioned Reflexes | automatic reactions (like drooling to food) |
| Classical Conditioning | learning that links two things together - something new with something that already triggers a reflex |
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) | something that automatically causes a response (ex: food) |
| Unconditioned Response (UCR) | the automatic response (ex: drooling) |
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | a once-neutral thing that now triggers a response after learning |
| Conditioned Response (CR) | the learned response to the CS |
| Extinction | when the CS is presented without the UCS until the learned response disappears |
| Spontaneous Recovery | the return of a previously gone response after a break |
| Stimulus Generalization | responding to things similar to the trained stimulus |
| Discrimination | telling apart different stimuli and responding differently to each |
| Blocking Effect | when a previously learned association prevents a new one from forming |
| Drug Tolerance | when repeated drug use causes weaker effects over time |
| Learning Curve | a graph showing how behavior changes as you learn |
| Reinforcement | anything that increases the change a behavior will happen again |
| Law of Effect | behaviors followed by good outcomes are repeated; bad outcomes reduce the behavior |
| Visceral Responses | internal body reactions (digestion, salivation) |
| Skeletal Responses | movements of muscles (arms, legs) |
| Operant Conditioning | learning in which behavior is changed by consequences (rewards or punishments) |
| Instrumental Conditioning | same idea as operant - behavior shaped by outcomes |
| Primary Reinforcers | naturally rewarding things (food, water, sleep) |
| Secondary Reinforcers | learned rewards connected to primary ones (money, praise) |
| Punishment | makes a behavior less likely |
| Disequilibrium Principle | we learn when our current understanding is challenged |
| Extinction (Operant) | behavior stops when reinforcement stops |
| Stimulus Generalization | similar stimuli produce the same learned response |
| Discrimination (Operant) | learning to respond only to the signal that has been reinforced |
| Discriminative Stimulus | a cue that tell you which behavior is appropriate |
| Stimulus Control | when a certain stimulus controls a behavior |
| Shaping | rewarding small steps toward the desired behavior |
| Chaining | teaching a sequence by reinforcing each step with the chance to do the next one |
| Continuous Reinforcement | rewarding every correct response |
| Intermittent/Partial Reinforcement | rewarding only some responses |
| Schedules of Reinforcement | rules for when reinforcement is given |
| Variable-Ratio | rewards after a changing number of responses |
| Fixed-Ratio | reward after a set number of responses |
| Fixed-Interval | first response after a set time is rewarded |
| Variable-Interval | first response after a changing amount of time is rewarded |
| Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) | increasing desired behaviors by reinforcing them and removing reinforcement from unwanted ones |
| Preparedness | some things are easier for a species to learn because of evolution |
| Conditioned Taste Aversion | learning to avoid a food that made you sick |
| Sensitive Period | a time early in life when learning certain things is easiest |
| Social-Learning Approach | learning by watching other (Bandura) |
| Vicarious Reinforcement/Punishment | learning from someone else's rewards or punishments |
| Self-Efficacy | belief in your ability to succeed at a task |
| Positive Reinforcement | adding something good to increase a behavior |
| Negative Reinforcement | taking away something bad to increase a behavior |
| Positive Punishment | adding something unpleasant to decrease a behavior |
| Negative Punishment | taking away something good to decrease a behavior |
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