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Chap 4
Chap 4 - Sensation and Perception
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sensation | taking in information from the environment through your senses |
| Perception | understanding or interpreting what you sense |
| Stimuli | things in the environment that affect you (light, sound, touch, etc.) |
| Electromagnetic Spectrum | all types of light energy (from radio waves to gamma rays) |
| Receptors | special cells that change environmental energy into signals for your brain |
| Pupil | opening that lets light into the eye |
| Iris | colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil |
| Retina | back layer of the eye that has the cells that sense light |
| Cornea | clear, curved outer layer of the eye |
| Lens | flexible structure that changes shape to focus light |
| Accommodation | the lens changing shape to focus on near or far objects |
| Fovea | center of the retina; gives sharp, detailed vision |
| Cones | cells that see color and detail in bright light |
| Rods | cells that help you see in dim light |
| Presbyopia | trouble focusing on close objects because the eyeball changes shape with age |
| Hyperopia (farsightedness) | can't focus well on close objects due to eyeball shape |
| Glaucoma | damage to optic nerve, often from high pressure in the eye |
| Cataract | cloudy lens |
| Dark Adaptation | eyes adjusting to darkness and slowly seeing better |
| Ganglion Cells | cells that gather visual information and form the optic nerve |
| Optic Nerve | carries visual signals from eye to brain |
| Blind Spot | area where optic nerve leaves the eye; no receptors = no vision there |
| Trichromatic Theory | 3 types of cones (red, green, blue) mix to create all colors |
| Negative Afterimages | seeing the opposite color after staring at one color and looking away |
| Opponent-Process Theory | we see color in pairs - red/green, blue/yellow, black/white |
| Brightness Contrast | something looks lighter/darker depending on what's around it |
| Color Constancy | colors look the same even under different lighting |
| Hertz (Hz) | how many times a sound wave repeats per second |
| Pitch | how high or low a sound seems |
| Amplitude | how strong a sound wave is (how loud it sounds) |
| Timbre | quality or texture of a sound |
| Cochlea | inner-ear structure that has hearing receptors |
| Conduction Deafness | eardrum/bone problems that stop sound from reaching the cochlea |
| Nerve Deafness | damage to cochlea or auditory nerve |
| Volley Principle | group of hair cells fire together to match the sound's frequency |
| Frequency Principle | hair cells vibrate in sync with the sound wave |
| Place Principle | different parts of the cochlea respond to different frequencies |
| Vestibular Sense | sense of balance and head movement |
| Vestibules | inner-ear organs that detect up/down and back/forth motion |
| Cutaneous Senses | skin senses (touch, pressure, temperature, pain) |
| Gate Theory | spinal cord "gate: can block or allow pain signals |
| Endorphins | brain chemicals that reduce pain |
| Capsaicin | chemical that makes chili peppers "hot" and activates pain receptors |
| Phantom Limb | feeling sensations (including pain) in a missing limb |
| Taste | sense that detects chemicals on your tongue |
| Taste Buds | receptors on the tongue that sense taste |
| Olfaction | sense of smell |
| Synesthesia | one sense triggers another (like "hearing" colors) |
| Just Noticeable Difference (JND) | smallest difference you can detect between two stimuli |
| Absolute Threshold | lowest intensity you can detect at least half the time |
| Signal Detection Theory | study of when you notice or miss a stimulus |
| Subliminal Perception | being influenced by something you don't consciously notice |
| Feature Detectors | brain cells that respond to simple shapes like lines or angles |
| Gestalt Psychology | we naturally see whole patterns, not tiny pieces |
| Bottom-Up Process | building perception from small details upward |
| Top-Down Process | using experience and expectations to interpret things |
| Figure and Ground | object vs. background |
| Reversible Figures | images you can see in two different ways |
| Proximity | we group things that are close together |
| Similarity | we group things that look alike |
| Continuation | we fill in smooth lines or patterns |
| Closure | we fill in missing pieces to see a whole shape |
| Common Fate | things moving together look like a group |
| Good Figure | we prefer simple, clear, symmetrical shapes |
| Visual Constancy | we see objects as having the same size, shape, and color despite changes in the image on the retina |
| Induced Movement | when background motion makes something look like it's moving |
| Stroboscopic Movement | still images shown fast look like motion (like animation) |
| Retinal Disparity | each eye sees something slightly different; brain uses this for depth |
| Convergence | eyes turn inward when focusing on close objects |
| Binocular Cues | depth cues requiring both eyes (retinal disparity & convergence) |
| Monocular Cues | depth cues you can see with one eye |
| Motion Parallax | objects move across your vision faster or slower depending on how far they are |
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