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AP Pysch
AP Pysch 1.b
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. What happens if the myelin sheath degenerates? | Communication to muscles slows; can lead to loss of muscle control (multiple sclerosis) |
| 2. Neural impulse as all-or-none response | Neuron fires completely or not at all; strength never changes but frequency can |
| 3. Effect of an agonist | Mimics neurotransmitter; stimulates a response |
| 4. Effect of an antagonist | Blocks neurotransmitter function |
| 5. Most influential endocrine gland | Pituitary gland |
| 6. Brain’s sensory switchboard | Thalamus |
| 7. Lobe responsible for vision | Occipital lobe |
| 8. Evidence of blindsight | Blind person responds to visual info without conscious awareness |
| 9. Absolute threshold definition | Minimum stimulation to detect stimulus 50% of the time |
| 10. Absolute threshold for vision | See a candle flame 30 miles away in dark |
| 11. Difference threshold (JND) | Minimum difference detectable 50% of the time |
| 12. JND for sweetness example | Taste slight difference between two drinks when sugar difference is tiny |
| 13. Weber’s Law | Stimuli must differ by constant proportion, not amount |
| 14. Weber’s Law and weight comparisons | Heavier objects need bigger differences to notice change |
| 15. Sensory adaptation | Stop noticing a smell after awhile |
| 16. Sensory adaptation for smell | Stop noticing a smell after awhile |
| 17. Wavelengths perceived as red | Long wavelengths |
| 18. Wavelengths perceived as blue | Short wavelengths |
| 19. Wavelengths perceived as green | Medium wavelengths |
| 20. Eye structure that helps focus near/far | Lens |
| 21. Function of rods | Low-light, black & white vision, peripheral vision |
| 22. Function of cones | Color, detail, bright light |
| 23. Where cones are concentrated | Fovea |
| 24. Function of ganglion cells | Axons form optic nerve; carry visual info to brain |
| 25. Cause of blindspot | No receptors where optic nerve exits eye |
| 26. How brain compensates for blindspot | Fills in missing info automatically |
| 27. Supercell clusters | Temporal lobe networks specialized in face recognition |
| 28. Prosopagnosia | Face blindness |
| 29. Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | Three cones (red, green, blue) create all colors |
| 30. Missing one type of cone | Color blindness (e.g., red–green) |
| 31. Only one type of cone (monochromacy) | World appears black, white, and gray |
| 32. Opponent-process theory | Color vision depends on opposing pairs: red-green, blue-yellow, black-white |
| 33. When one color in pair is stimulated | Opposing color inhibited |
| 34. Theory explaining green afterimage after red | Opponent-process theory |
| 35. Short wavelength sound | High pitch |
| 36. High amplitude sound | Loudness |
| 37. Sensory receptors for hearing | Hair cells in cochlea |
| 38. Cause of sensorineural hearing loss | Damage to hair cells or auditory nerve |
| 39. Place theory | Different pitches activate different locations on basilar membrane (high pitches) |
| 40. Pitch range for place theory | High pitches |
| 41. Frequency theory | Basilar membrane vibrates at sound frequency (low pitches) |
| 42. Pitch range for frequency theory | Low pitches |
| 43. Volley principle | Neurons fire in alternating bursts for intermediate pitches |
| 44. Sound localization | Using intensity/time differences between ears to locate sound |
| 45. Four basic skin sensations | Pressure, warmth, cold, pain |
| 46. How we feel tickle, hot, and wetness without receptors | Combinations of basic sensations (e.g., hot = warm + cold) |
| 47. Gate-control theory | Spinal cord gate opens for pain signals (small fibers) and closes via large fibers/brain |
| 48. Role of substance P | Transmits pain signals |
| 49. Five tastes | Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami |
| 50. Taste receptor location | Taste buds on papillae |
| 51. Biological basis of supertasters | More taste buds |
| Body position and movement | |
| 53. Receptors for kinesthesia | Muscles, tendons, joints |
| 54. Vestibular sense | Balance and head movement |
| 55. Vestibular receptors | Semicircular canals and otolith organs in inner ear |
| 56. Sensory interaction | One sense influences another (especially taste + smell) |
| 57. Reduced smell → taste becomes? | Bland; flavor reduced |
| 58. Synesthesia | One sense triggers another (e.g., seeing colors when hearing sounds) |
| 59. Hypnosis effective for | Reducing pain and anxiety |
| 60. Hypnosis NOT effective for | Enhancing memory accuracy or forcing behavior |
| 61. Circadian rhythm | 24-hour biological clock |
| 62. Length of full sleep cycle | 90 minutes |
| 63. EEG: NREM-1 | Irregular brain waves |
| 64. EEG: NREM-2 | Sleep spindles |
| 65. EEG: NREM-3 | Slow delta waves |
| 66. REM sleep characteristics | Active brain, paralyzed body, rapid eye movements, vivid dreams |
| 67. Low light → melatonin levels | Increase |
| 68. Studying without sleep effect | Poor memory consolidation |
| 69. Insomnia | Trouble falling/staying asleep |
| 70. Narcolepsy | Sudden sleep attacks; directly enter REM |
| 71. Sleep apnea | Breathing stops repeatedly during sleep |
| 72. Sleepwalking | Occurs in NREM-3 |
| 73. REM sleep behavior disorder | Acting out dreams due to failure of REM paralysis |
| 74. Activation-synthesis theory | Dreams make sense of random neural activity |
| 75. Information-processing theory | Dreams help store and organize memories |
| 76. REM rebound | After REM deprivation, REM sleep increases |
| 77. Tolerance (drug use) | Need more drug to get same effect |
| 78. Cocaine/crack effect | Blocks dopamine reuptake → increased euphoria |
| 79. Stimulant drugs | Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, MDMA |
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JAMJAMJAM
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