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Chap 3
Chap 3 - Bio Psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Glia | helper cells in the nervous system; they protect neurons and clean up waste |
| Cell Body | the part of the neuron that holds the nucleus |
| Dendrites | branch like parts that receive messages from other neurons |
| Axon | a long fiber that sends messages to other neurons |
| Myelin | a coating around the axon that helps messages move faster |
| Action Potential | the electrical signal that travels down an axon at the same strength every time |
| All or None Law | a neuron fires with full strength or not at all; only the frequency changes |
| Motor Neuron | neuron that sends signals from the brain/spinal cord to muscles (movement, talking, swallowing) |
| Resting Potential | the electrical charge inside a neuron when it's not firing |
| Synapse | the gap where one neuron sends a chemical message to another |
| Terminal Button | end of the axon where neurotransmitters are released |
| Neurotransmitter | chemical that sends a message to the next neuron |
| Postsynaptic Neuron | the neuron receiving the message |
| Parkinson's Disease | movement disorder with slow movement, shaking stiffness, and low mood; common in older adults |
| Dopamine | "feel good" neurotransmitter - important for pleasure, motivation, focus, and movement |
| Glutamate | main excitatory (activating) chemical |
| GABA | main inhibitory (calming) chemical |
| Acetylcholine | increases arousal; used by motor neurons |
| Serotonin | affects mood, motivation, and emotion |
| Norepinephrine | helps store emotional or important memories |
| Histamine | keeps you awake and alert |
| Endorphins | reduce pain; increase pleasure |
| Nitric Oxide | expands blood vessels in active brain areas |
| Stimulants | increase energy and alertness |
| Hallucinogens | cause sensory distortions (seeing/hearing things) |
| Depressants | Lower arousal (alcohol, some anxiety meds) |
| Alcohol | a substance made with ethanol |
| Anxiolytics/Tranquilizers | drugs that reduce anxiety and help you relax |
| Narcotics | cause sleepiness, pain reduction, and low responsiveness |
| Opiates | natural or man-made drugs like morphine/heroin; mimic endorphins |
| Endorphins | body's natural opiate chemicals |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | nerves connecting the CNS to the rest of the body |
| Sympathetic | uses energy (fight or flight) |
| Parasympathetic | conserves energy (rest and digest) |
| Monism | mind and brain are the same thing |
| Hemispheres | left and right halves of the brain |
| Cerebral Cortex | outer layer of the brain that handles complex thinking |
| Occipital Lobe | Vision |
| Temporal Lobe | hearing and complex vision; includes amygdala for emotions |
| Parietal Lobe | touch and body sensations |
| Frontal Lobe | planning, movement, memory |
| Hindsight/Blindsight | ability to respond to visual info without consciously seeing it |
| Primary Somatosensory Cortex | processes touch |
| Primary Motor Cortex | controls fine movements |
| Prefrontal Cortex | plans actions, holds short term memory |
| Mirror Neurons | activates when doing something or watching someone else do it |
| Corpus Callosum | connects the two hemispheres |
| EEG | measures electrical activity |
| MEG | measures magnetic activity |
| PET | tracks radioactive chemicals in the brain |
| fMRI | shows active brain areas using blood flow |
| Hypothalamus | controls hunger, thirst, sex drive, temperature |
| Pons/Medulla | controls head and facial muscles |
| Spinal Cord | controls body muscles from the neck down |
| Cerebellum | coordinates movement and balance |
| Autonomic Nervous System | controls automatic functions (heart, digestion) |
| Endocrine System | glands that make hormones |
| Hormones | Chemicals that travel in blood to affect organs |
| Plasticity | brain's ability to change with experience |
| Stem Cells | cells that can turn into different types of cells |
| Social Neuroscience | studies how biology affects social behavior |
| Oxytocin | "love hormone" - released during bonding, sex, and nursing |
| Genes | instructions that guide development (ex: height, hair color) |
| Dominant Gene | one copy is enough to show that trait |
| Recessive Gene | only shows if no dominant gene is present |
| Chromosomes | strands that hold genetic material |
| Heritability | how much of a trait in a population is due to genes |
| Multiplier Effect | a small genetic advantage gets bigger because it changes the environment |
| PKU | genetic disorder that harms brain development without a special diet |
| Evolution | gradual change in genes over generations; helpful traits become more common |
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