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psych exam 4
personality, psychopathology, treatment of psychological disorders
| definition | term |
|---|---|
| personality | patterns of thought and behavior that make a person react to certain situations in consistent ways |
| id | manifestation of unconscious and instinctual drives and needs |
| ego | represents largely conscious awareness of reality and the ability to mediate the needs of the id within the constraints of reality |
| superego | represents the internalized cultural rules and ideals to guide our moral conscience |
| defense mechanisms | the various ways in which the ego is thought to cope with conflict between the unconscious desires of the id and the moral constraints of society |
| displacement | defense mechanism in which the ego redirects the aggressive impulses of the id from their intended targets to more defenseless targets |
| projection | defense mechanism in which people, instead of acknowledging it in themselves, see others as possessing a disliked trait or feeling |
| repression | defense mechanism in which the ego keeps unwanted thoughts, feelings, and memories below the level of conscious awareness |
| denial | defense mechanism in which the ego prevents the perception of a painful or threatening reality as it is occurring |
| cardinal traits | dominate people's personalities |
| central traits | more general dispositions that we use to describe people, which don’t define them, but provide insight into how they behave |
| secondary traits | those that are only relevant in certain contexts |
| lexical hypothesis | the hypothesis that the traits that provide useful ways to differentiate among people’s personality characteristics are necessarily encoded in language |
| factor analysis | a statistical technique that groups a large set of variables into a smaller set of constructs based on how they correlate with one another |
| open mindness | Extent to which a person is imaginative and independent and prefers variety |
| conscientiousness | Extent to which a person is organized, careful, and responsible |
| extraversion | extent to which a person is energetic and outgoing |
| agreeableness | extent to which a person is good-natured, helpful, and trustworthy |
| neuroticism (emotional stability) | extent to which a person is calm and secure |
| behavioral genetics | an approach that estimates the heritability of a trait by statistically comparing patterns of similarity in the personality or behavioral profiles of people who differ in their genetic relatedness |
| gene x environment interactions | the interaction between environmental factors and a person’s genetic predispositions that determine the unique phenotypes expressed in personality |
| person x situation interactions | a model positing that in order to understand and predict behavior, it is necessary to account for both personal dispositions and the situation people find themselves in, as well as the interaction between the two |
| social learning theory | a theory of how people’s behaviors, cognitions, and dispositions are shaped by observing and imitating the actions of others |
| reciprocal determinism | the idea that personality guides cognition about the world in ways that can shape the environment people choose, serving to reinforce or amplify their personality |
| locus of control | person's perception of what determines his or her outcomes |
| outcome efficacy | the belief that if a person can perform a behavior, a desired outcome will happen |
| self-efficacy | the belief that one can successfully execute a behavior |
| learned helplessness | a state of passive resignation to an aversive situation that one has come to believe is outside of one’s control |
| depressive realism | the painful awareness of personal limitations that render outcomes uncontrollable, in contrast to a more commonly held illusion of control for those who are not depressed |
| sexual selection | an evolutionary perspective positing that men and women develop distinct profiles of personality traits because of the different reproductive challenges they face |
| social role theory | a theory positing that the roles people find themselves in can profoundly shape their personality |
| self-actualization | the process of fulfilling one’s true potential by gaining a sense of personal autonomy, accepting oneself, and accepting other people |
| self-determination theory | a theory positing that well-being and success are most likely to be achieved when a person’s environments support three key motivations: autonomy, competence, and relatedness |
| self-concept | the broad network of mental representations that a person has of themselves |
| self-serving biases | characteristic ways of processing information to maintain a positive attitude toward the self |
| sociometer theory | a theory positing that people use self- esteem, a judgement of self-worth, to assess the degree to which they are accepted by others |
| terror management theory | a theory positing that self-esteem allows people to cope with existential terror stemming from their awareness of their own mortality |
| narcissism | the tendency to have unrealistic and self- aggrandizing views of the self |
| independent self-construal | a notion of the self as a bounded and stable entity that is distinct from others |
| interdependent self-construal | a notion of the self as defined by one’s connections to other people |
| stress | physiological response to an environmental event that is perceived as taxing or even exceeding one's ability to adapt |
| primary appraisal | a person's perception of the demands or challenges of a given situation |
| secondary appraisal | a person's perception of their ability to deal with the demands of a given situation |
| general adaptation syndrome | broad based physiological response to a physical threat that unfolds in three stages (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) |
| sympathetic-adreno-medullary (SAM) axis | physiological system that governs the body's immediate response to a stressful event enabling the ability to fight or flee |
| challenge reactivity | cardiovascular pattern of responding to a situation whereby the heart pumps out more blood and the vasculature dilate, allowing efficient circulation through the body |
| threat reactivity | cardiovascular pattern of responding to a situation whereby the heart pumps out more blood but the vasculature constricts, preventing efficient circulation through the body |
| hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis | regulates stress responses and various physiological functions |
| diathesis stress model | a conception that distinguishes the factors that create a risk of illness from the factors that turn the risk into a problem |
| differential sensitivities hypothesis | the idea that some people have a genetic predisposition to be more strongly affected by variation in their environment, especially during early adulthood. |
| problem focused coping | approach to stressful situations with a desire and belief that one can proactively solve the problem |
| broaden and build function | suggests that positive emotions expand someone's awareness and encourage exploratory thoughts and actions |
| social support | the degree to which people believe they can turn to other people for info, help, advice, or comfort |
| flow | a subjective experience of having one's attention so focused on an activity or task that any sense of self-awareness disappears |
| implementation intentions | specific "if then" thoughts that cognitively connect a desired action to some triggering event or stimulus |
| syndrome | cluster of physical or mental symptoms that are typical of a particular condition that tends to occur simultaneously |
| symptom | physical or mental feature that may be regarded as an indication of a particular condition or psych disorder |
| point prevalence | the percentage of people in a given population who have a given psychological disorder at any particular point in time |
| lifetime prevalence | the percentage of people in a certain population who will have a given psychological disorder at any point in their lives |
| clinical assessment | procedure for gathering the information that is needed to evaluate an individuals psychological functioning and to determine whether a clinical diagnosis is warranted |
| biopsychosocial model | a way of understanding what makes people healthy by recognizing that biology, psychology, and social context all combine to shape health outcomes |
| social anxiety disorder | characterized by extreme fear of being watched, evaluated, and judged by others |
| panic disorder | characterized by the occurrence of unexpected panic attacks |
| panic attacks | sudden episodes of uncontrollable anxiety, accompanied by terrifying bodily symptoms |
| generalized anxiety disorder | characterized by continuous, pervasive, and difficult-to-control anxiety |
| obsessive compulsive disorder | manifests itself through obsessions and/or compulsions |
| obsession | unwanted and disturbing thoughts |
| compulsion | ritualistic actions used to control the obsession |
| major depressive disorder | characterized by feelings of sadness, emptiness, and anhedonia |
| bipolar disorder | characterized by both manic (excited and energetic) episodes and depressive episodes, with normal periods interspersed |
| schizophrenia | characterized by a loss of contact with reality and a breakdown of the normal functions of the mind, leading to bizarre perceptions |
| delusions | false beliefs that are rigidly maintained despite overwhelming contradictory evidence |
| hallucinations | sensory experiences, such as sights and sounds, that happen in the absence of any true sensory input |
| disorganized behavior | unusual actions that are not usually seen in healthy individuals |
| dopamine hypothesis | the hypothesis that schizophrenia arises from an abnormally high level of activity in brain circuits that are sensitive to the neurotransmitter dopamine |
| autism spectrum disorder | a disorder usually diagnosed in young children, and characterized by a wide range of developmental problems, including persistent deficits in social communication/interaction and restrictive or repetitive patterns of interest or behavior |
| attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder | a disorder usually diagnosed in young children that involves a wide range of symptoms, including blurting out answers in class, fidgeting, and shifting attentional focus |
| dissociative identity disorder | a disorder (formally known as multiple personality disorder) defined by the presence of two or more distinct personality states within a single person, each with its own style, habits, beliefs, and memories |
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aplacke
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