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DC Psych Ch12
Personality
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Unconscious mind (Freud) | Reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories outside the conscious. |
| Unconscious mind (contemporary psychology) | Information processing of which we are unaware |
| Id | Unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive impulses. Operates on pleasure principle and demands immediate gratification. |
| Ego | Partly conscious "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, balances demands of the id, superego, and reality. Operates on reality principle, satisfies id's desires practically. |
| Superego | Partly conscious part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internal ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future goals |
| Psychosexual stages | Freudian theory of childhood stages of development during which the id seeks pleasure focusing on distinct erogenous zones. |
| Oral stage | 0-8 months old; pleasure centers on the mouth |
| Anal stage | 18-36 months old; pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control |
| Phallic stage | 3-6 years old; pleasure zone is in the genitals, coping with incestuous sexual feelings |
| Latency | 6 years old-puberty; phase of dormant sexual feelings |
| Genital | Puberty on; maturation of sexual interests |
| Defense mechanisms | In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
| Regression | Retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated (child regresses back to thumb-sucking for comfort) |
| Reaction formation | Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites (displaying exaggerated friendliness when repressing anger) |
| Projection | Disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others (thinking everyone else is dangerous when on guard) |
| Rationalization | Offering self-justifying explanations instead of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions (habitual drinker drinks w/ friends "just to be social") |
| Displacement | Shifting sexual/aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable/less threatening object or person (after put in timeout, child kicks family dog) |
| Denial | Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities (a partner denies evidence of their lover's cheating) |
| Maslow's hierarchy of needs | Five levels of human needs often viewed as a pyramid, beginning with physiological needs > safety > love/belonging > esteem > self-actualization |
| Self-actualization | According to Maslow, the psychological need that arises after basic physical/psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill our potential |
| Unconditional positive regard | A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance |
| Self-concept | All the thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "who am I?" |
| Big Five factors (OCEAN) | Describe personality in five dimensions: Openness, Conscientiousness (organization), Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (emotional stability/instability) |
| Traits/stable patterns | Characteristic pattern of behavior or a tendency to feel and act in certain ways; personality is a stable and enduring pattern of behavior |
| Personality inventory | A questionnaire where people respond to items made to gauge a wide range of feelings/behaviors; used to asses selected personality traits |
| Social-cognitive perspective | View of behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context |
| Reciprocal determinism | The interacting influences of behavior, internal personal factors, and environment |
| Self | Assumed to be the center of personality, organizing your thoughts, feelings, and actions |
| Spotlight effect | Overestimating others' noticing/evaluating our appearance and performance (like a spotlight shines on us) |
| Self-esteem | Our feelings of high or low self-worth |
| Defensive self-esteem | Fragile self-worth, makes failures/criticism seem threatening |
| Secure self-esteem | Sturdy self-worth, less reliant, leads to greater quality of life |
Created by:
mimi.k
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