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Perception Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the somatosensory system? | The body senses |
| What does the somatosensory system also include? | Proprioception and Equalibrium |
| What is Proprioception? | The sense of position and extension of your body and limbs in space |
| What is Equalibrium? | Balance/Motion |
| What are the three types of mechanoreceptors? | Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and Joint receptors |
| What is an Efference copy? | When the brain makes a copy of a command that tells the rest of the brain what is happening with the other senses |
| What does the Vestibular System do? | Helps us with a balance of equalibrium, detects changes in linear acceleration/gravity, and in general helps us stay balanced. |
| What is a Vestibulo-ocular reflex? | When your eyes move to compensate with your head moving |
| What is vection? | Illusory feeling of motion |
| What do semicircular canals do? | Helps with rotation/tilt/spin |
| What are the three types of semicircular canals? | Front to back, side to side, and spinning/around |
| What are Otolith organs? | helps with linear accelaration and gravity |
| When does transduction happen? | When the cells are bent |
| Proprioception and vestibular input are not contralateral | False |
| Where does proprioception and vesibular information go? | they are sent to the contralateral, through the thalamus, to S1 |
| What does standing balance require? | atleast 2/3 of either propioception, vestibular and vision |
| Adaptation | change in responsiveness of a sensory system to a constant stimulus |
| Why do we get negative after images? | neurons that detect color get fatigued |
| If you are sitting in a chair and your friend spins the chair around, what gets stimulated most strongly? | Semicircular canals |
| You are holding a heavy grocery bag in one hand and a light one in the other. What helps distinguish the light and heavy rods? | Golgi Tendon organs |
| How do you know an elevator stops moving other than the sound? | Otolith organs |
| The basic explanation for adaptation phenomena such as negative after images and motion after effects involves? | Set of neurons wired in opposition and neurons that naturally get fatigued if they are continuously activated |
| In what ways is the vestibular system similar to the auditory system? | The receptors are in the inner ear, information flows through the thalamus, and transduction involves hair cells |
| If I look at a green circle on a wall for a minute straight, what should I expect to see? | A red circle |
| The vestibular system will cause problems in which profession? | pilot |
| Which animal would recognize itself in a video? | Chimpanzee |
| Which receptors are most likely involved in Ernsson's experiment using vibrators on the wrist to make people feel like their wrist was shaking? | Muscle spindles |
| What sense works together to allow vision and tracking objects while your head and body are moving at the same time? | The vestibular system |
| What is opponent processing theory? | When our neurons in our eyes get so tired they start to endure the opposite effect. (Seeing orange after seeing blue, seeing things go up after seeing things go down) |
| The brain ____ a perception based on the ____ | Perception, balance of input |
| Xenomella | Desire to amputate a healthy limb: a dysphonic feeling that the limb doesn't belong to themselves |
| Which two people put kittens in a dark room with vertical and horizontal lines | Hubel and Weisal |
| The body representation is | constructed, updated, and reprogrammed through integrating multisensory input |
| What is Alice in Wonderland syndrome? | When the person has a messed up view of their bodies shape/size. (When they think they are bigger or smaller than they actually are) |
| Disembodiment | When sense of body location and self location don't match up |
| What are considered errors of multi-sensory integrations? | OBE |
| Autoscopic Phenomenon | A visual hallucination of seeing yourself |
| What are the three types of Autoscopic Phenomenon | Autoscopic hallucinations, Heautoscopy, and OBE's |
| Autoscopic Hallucinations | Seeing a copy of your self in the first person |
| Heautoscopy | Seeing a copy of your self but not sure which is the real you |
| Out of Body Experience | Seeing ones' self in a disembodied location |
| What is light focused by in the eye? | the cornea and the lens |
| What is the middle of the eye called? (the one filled with liqued) | Viterous Humour |
| What are the two types of visual receptors the retina contains? | Photoreceptors and rods and cones |
| What are some traits of rods | Night vision, black/white, big picture, peripheral vision, |
| What are some traits of cones | Day/Light vision, color, sensitive to the wavelengths of RGB, details |
| What do cones have that helps you focus on stuff? | fovea |
| What is a fovea? | The center, receives light from whatever we are looking at |
| What is periphery? | The rest of the retina that is off to each side of the fovea |
| What is a blind spot? | A portion of visual field that we can't see because the light lands on the optic nerve exit |
| What can't a cornea do? | Can't adjust to moving objects and only focuses 80% focusing |
| How much focusing can a lens do? | 20% and can change shape to adjust |
| Accomadation | lens changing shape to focus for near sight |
| Myopia | near-sightedness |
| Why do people have Myopia? | Typically because their eyeball is too long and their lens bend light too much |
| Hyperopia | Far sightness |
| What do people have Hyperopia? | Their eyeball is typically to short and as people get older their lens harden |
| How does light get to our brain? | First our photoreceptors get hit by light and activate, then signal goes to bipolar cells, then that same signal goes to ganglion cells, then the ganglion cells axons sneak out the optic nerve towards the brain |
| Convergence | When multiple earlier neurons synapse onto one later neurons |
| Half of the optic nerve is ____ meanwhile the other half is ____ | contralateral, same side |
| Receptive fields | For a given neuron, the receptive fields is whatever pattern of stimulation affects the neurons firing |
| The RF of a ganglion cell is | center-surround |
| The RF of a rod is | light hitting the little bit of retina it is on |
| What happens if light lands in the center? | The ganglion cells are more likely to fire |
| Describe what light does to the neurons and how often it fires based on how big the light is. | If light is only hitting the center, the ganglion cell will fire like crazy, if light is hitting the center + the surrounding the firing slows, if the light gets smaller in the center the firing also slows down |
| Does V1 receive most input that comes from our eyes? | No |
| What is the primary visual cortex? | It is the main visual processing center that contains neurons with even more specialized receptive fields |
| What did Hubel and Weisal find out? | There is a neuron for each item we look at? |
| Simple cortical cells | Neurons in V1 that have a side-by-side RF that makes them fire only for lines of light in a particular orientation |
| What are side-by-side RF's made up of? | a row of center-surround RFs from the earlier cells feeding it input |
| Complex cells | V1 neurons that respond only to moving edges |
| Simple cortical | Excitatory and Inhibiting areas arranged side-by-side and responds best to bars of a particular orientation |
| Complex cortical | Responds best to movement of a correctly orientated bar across the receptive field |
| End stopped cortical | Responds to corners, angles, or bars of a particular length moving in a particular direction |
| Optic-nerve fiber | Center-surround receptive field and responds best to small stimuli |
| What part of the temporal lobe responds best to faces? | Fusiform Face area |
| Population coding | A particular pattern firing across many neurons is what encodes a specific object |
| Sparse coding | The halfway point between specifity and population entry |
| Brain scans | use an image or record the brain activity with electricity, magnets, or radiation |
| What did Ungerleider and Mishkin do? | trained monkeys to learn that food will be under an object then damaged the monkeys parietal or temporal lobe so the monkey couldn't succeed the task or do the task |
| What is the ventral stream also called? | the "what"pathway |
| What does the ventral stream do? | Helps identify and classify objects |
| Prospagnosia | They can tell the face but can't tell whose face |
| Color Agnosia | can perceive colors but can't name them |
| Associative Agnosia | can perceive objects as a while but can't name or identify them |
| What is the dorsal stream also called? | The "where/how" pathway |
| What does the dorsal stream do? | helps with spatial processing, visually-guided movement and reaching |
| Spacial Neglect | only perceives one side of space |
| Akinetopsia | Can't percieve motion/movement |
| Optic Ataxia | inaccurate reaching |
| Distributed Representation | Stimuli cause neural activity in many different areas |
| What does seeing a face activate? | The occipital cortex, FFA, Amygdala, Frontal lobe, and other parts of the temporal lobe |
| Experience-dependent plasticity: | Brain activity/wiring that can adapt to experience |
| Viewpoint Invarience | The ability to recognize objects from different angles |
| Inverse projection problem | the proximal stimulus on our retina is ambigous |
| Apparent motion | Movement is perceived when nothing is actually moving |
| Structuralists | Perceptions are created by combining visual elements |
| Principle of good continuation | Lines are usually percieved as following the smoothest path |
| Principle of simplicity | We tend to perceive the simplest organization/structure that would create stimuli |
| Principle of similiarity | Tend to perceive similier things grouped together/connected |
| Principle of Proximity | perceive things near to each other as grouped together |
| Principle of common fate | perceive things moving in the same direction as grouped |
| Principle of common region | Things in the same region of space are perceived as grouped |
| Principle of uniform connectedness | Things directly connected by the same color/texture/brightness are perceived as grouped |
| What is Gustation? | The formal term for sense of taste |
| What are chemical senses and the "gatekeepers of the body"? | Taste and smell |
| How often are taste receptors replaced? | Every 1-2 weeks |
| How often are smell receptors replaced? | Every 5-7 weeks |
| What are the five basic taste qualitities? | Salty, Sweet, Sour, Bitter, Unami |
| What helps us get sodium for bodily functions? | Salty |
| What signifies caloric value? | Sweet |
| What detects acidity? | Sour |
| What detects poisens? | Bitter |
| What detects protein and glutamic acid? | Unami |
| What can't most carnivores taste? | Saltiness |
| What are the four types of papilliae? | Fungiform, Filiform, Foliate, and Circumvallet |
| Which type of papillae don't have taste buds? | 1. Filiform |
| How many taste buds are across the tongue? | 10,000 |
| How many receptor cells does each taste receptor have near the tip of the tongue? | 50-100 |
| What type of detectors does taste receptor cells have? | lock and key mechanisms |
| What increases the surface area of the tongue and adds more contact? | 2. Filiform |
| Miraculin | activates the key but doesn't turn it in the lock and key mechanism so everything you taste is sweet |
| What is the order of the neural signals that go from taste receptor cells? | Brainstem, thalamus, primary gustory cortex, insula |
| What is the insula known as? | the fifth lobe of the cortex |
| Specifity coding | individual neuron fires to signal a particular taste quality |
| population coding | a particular pattern of firing across many neurons is what leads to a particular taste quality |
| Ageusia | loss of taste |
| What do odorants turn into? | Neurons firing in the brain |
| Macrosmatic | olfaction is the primary sense |
| Are humans macrosmatic? | They are microsmatic |
| What contains 350 different types of olfactory receptors? | the mucosa |
| Where do the neural signals from the ORNS go? | the olfactory bulb |
| ORN | activate for specific molecular shape |
| Piriform cortex | distributed activation, where repeated exposure to same activation reinforces neural connections creating a memory |
| Does olfaction pass through the thalamus? | No, and this makes this not contralateral |
| The Proust effect | involuntary memory that is often evoked by taste and olfaction |
| Memories with strong emotion are recalled ____ and ____ | easier, quicker |
| Reminisce bump | memories formed in adolescence and early adulthood are remembered better and more likely to come up involuntary than those formed later in life |
| Olfaction has a direct pathway to what? | Amygdala and hippocampus |
| Herz and Schooler | Describes a personal memory associated with objects |
| Flavor | a multisensory perceptual experience combining primarily taste and smell but also other sensations |
| Ventriloquist Illusion | When we have the same sense coming from two different parts of space |
| If we have both flavor and smell where do we experience them both? | In the back of the mouth |
| Anosmia | loss of smell |
| Ageusia | loss of taste |
| Orbitofrontal cortex | flavor thanks to confluence of sensory input from smell + taste, but also vision, touch, and top-down info from limbic system |
| What else is flavor influenced by other than smell and taste? | texture, temperature, color, sound, pleasantness of Oder |
| What is the difference between otolith organs and semicircular canals? | One detects acceleration and the other detects movement |
| What is the vestibular system? | Semicircular canals, Otolith organs, and vestibular nerve |
| What does the Insula do? | it plays a role in diverse functions linked to emotion, interoception and homeostasis, typically involved in consciousness |
| What are the receptors of the propioceptive system? | Muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, joint receptors |
| What do muscle spindles detect? | How long a muscle is |
| What does joint receptors do? | What position a limb is in (if its bent) |
| What two people created the rubber hand illusion? | Botvinick and Cohen |
| Which sense is being overruled in the rubber hand illusion? | vision |
| How many cone receptors do humans have? | 3 |
| The basic pathway from the ganglion cells to the occipital lobe is? | out the optic nerve to the lateral geniculus necleus |
| Edge-Stopped Cells | cells that fire to corners or moving corners |
| If a person can perceive visual objects but can't name them, what do they have damage to? | the ventral stream |
| what structure contains the receptors for olfaction? | Olfactory mucosa |
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