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psych
exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is psychology? | The systematic study of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours through scientific methods. |
| What is an independent variable? | manipulated by experimenter |
| What is a dependent variable? | measured |
| Q: What is a constant? | consistent throughout experiment |
| : What are the three types of extraneous variables? | • Participant: Characteristics or past experiences may affect. • Situational: Undertaking experiment in different conditions. • Experimenter: Characteristics of experimenter. |
| What are the key features of an experimental design? | Controlled vs experimental group, experimenter manipulates IV, random allocation. |
| What are the key features of an observational design? | IV changes naturally, preexisting groups. |
| What are the types and key features of qualitative data? | • Types: Delphi technique, focus groups. • Key features: Language-rich data. |
| What are the key features of objective quantitative data? | Measured from investigator – heart rate, EMG, fMRI. |
| What are the key features of subjective quantitative data? | Measured from investigator, given by subject – scale surveys, checklists. |
| What are the key features of qualitative data? | Rich verbal data, given by subject. |
| What is reliability? | Consistent results. |
| What increases reliability? | Larger sample size. |
| What decreases reliability? | Small sample size. |
| What is validity? | Accurately measuring what it claims to be. |
| What is internal validity? | The extent to which you can say only the IV affects the DV. |
| What is external validity? | Generalised to wider population. |
| What increases validity? | Consistent environments. |
| What decreases validity? | Inconsistent environments. |
| What are the ethical considerations in psychological research? | • Voluntary participation / Freedom from coercion • Confidentiality and privacy • Adequate debriefing • Right to withdraw • Deception only when necessary • Do no harm |
| What are the four styles of responding to others? | Active constructive, passive constructive, active destructive, passive destructive. |
| What are examples of each communication style? | • Active constructive: Supportive and engaged. • Passive constructive: Forced, low energy. • Active destructive: Turning positives into negatives. • Passive destructive: Self-centred and ignorant. |
| What is assertivness | Being confident and direct with needs, healthy communication. |
| What are verbal ways of being assertive | "I" statements and confidence |
| What are non verbal ways of being assertive | eye contact and relaxed posture |
| What is resilience? | The process and success of adapting to difficult experiences. |
| How can we practice resilience? | self therapy |
| What are the benefits of being resilient? | Being able to adapt to hard situations. |
| What are some protective factors in the biopsychosocial model? | personality, charectoristics, genes, self-aware, social support, community involvement. |
| What is human flourishing? | The state of being free from illness – personal growth. |
| What are Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs? | Self-actualisation, esteem, love, safety needs, psychological needs. |
| How can strong relationships maintain mental health? | improvemental health and feel secure |
| What are the benefits of knowing your strengths? | Self-esteem, self-regulation, knowing what you're good at and need to improve, applying it to situations. |
| What are the elements of a crime | • Actus reus: The act. • Mens rea: The mind. |
| What are the criminal law catagories | • Offence against person • Offence against property • Offence against public order |
| What are the types of summery crime and the years | • Summary minor: assaults, shoplifting – 2 years. • Strict liability: traffic, only actus reus needs to be proven. |
| What is the Atavistic Form theory? | “Born a criminal.” |
| The types of indictable crime and the years | • Minor Indictable (MinIO): Stealing, rape, breaking and entering – 2–5 years. • Major Indictable (MajIO): Murder, arson, robbery – 5 to life. |
| Who proposed Atavistic Form theory? | Ceasar Lombroso. |
| What are somatotypes and their links to criminal behaviour? | • Endomorphs: Wide hips, round body, fat, relaxed, tolerant. • Mesomorphs: Muscles, broad shoulders, fearless. • Ectomorphs: Small bone, no fat, anxious, private. |
| Who proposed somatotypes theory? | William Sheldon. |
| What is acquired sociopathy? | Acquiring criminal behaviour after a brain injury. |
| What happened to Phineas Gage? | Rod through head, became abnormal and unnatural. |
| What happened to Herbert Weinstein? | In 1991, strangled wife, threw body out window. MRI showed large cyst in left frontal lobe. |
| What happened to Charles Whitman? | In 1966, headaches, obsessive writing, violent thoughts. Murdered wife, mother, 14 others. Autopsy showed tumor in right temporal lobe. |
| What are limitations of using neuroimaging data in legal settings? | If brain scan is taken after the criminal act, it’s unclear if it was always like that. |
| What is Bowlby’s Attachment Theory? | The relationship between mother and infant is most important in first 5 years. |
| What are the four attachment styles? | Secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganised. |
| What key idea explains criminal behaviour in Bowlby’s theory? | Disruption of the relationship could lead to criminal behaviour. |
| What is the purpose of rehabilitation? | Process of helping inmates change and prevent re-offending |
| What are different rehabilitation strategies? | CBT, Educational Programs, Buddy system, Cats in prison. |
| What are the benefits of CBTstrategies? | Support mental health, reduce stress, companionship, independence. |
| Delphi technique | communication method used to gather expert opinions and reach a consensus on complex issues through multiple, anonymous rounds of questionnaires |
| Focus group | small group of people discussing a specific topic to gather insights into their attitudes, opinions, beliefs, and experiences |
Created by:
lou245
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