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Motivation, Emotion

Motivation, Emotion, and Happiness:

TermDefinition
Motive Reasons for behaving in a particular way.
Instinct A genetically endowed tendency to behave in a particular way.
Intrinsically rewarding Being pursued for its own sake.
Extrinsically rewarding Being pursued because of rewards that are not an inherent part of the activity or object.
The Motive to Belong Strong relational motives to connect with others socially.
Loneliness A subjective distressing experience that results from perceived isolation or inadequate meaningful connections.
Consequences of Loneliness Increased risk of cardiovascular problems and increased risk of early mortality.
Performance orientation A motivational stance that focuses on performing well and looking smart.
Mastery orientation A motivational stance that focuses on learning and improving
Fixed mindset People assume their abilities are fixed and unlikely to change in the future.
Growth mindset People assume that their abilities can change and grow in response to new experiences or learning.
Hierarchy of motives The order in which needs are thought to become dominant.
Maslow's hierarchy People will strive to meet their higher-order needs only when their lower, more basic needs have been met.
Individualist societies Tend to place self-actualization above self-transcendence.
Collectivist societies Tend to put self-transcendence above self-actualization.
Emotion The coordinated behaviors, feelings, and physiological changes that occur when a situation becomes relevant to our personal goals.
Facial expressions Part of our evolutionary heritage that reflects our ancestors' facial movements.
Discrete emotions approach
Cross-cultural comparisons Showed that at least some emotions are common across many different cultures.
Display rules Cultural rules that govern the expression of emotion, often obeyed without awareness.
Dimensional approach An approach to analyzing emotions that focuses on dimensions such as valence (positive/negative) and activation (arousal, intensity).
James-Lange theory Emotions result from the experience of physiological reactions in the body.
Schachter-Singer theory The theory that emotion arises from the interpretation of bodily responses in the context of situational cues.
Low Road Sensory information directly from thalamus to amygdala.
High Road Thalamus to the cortex, then to amygdala.
Alexithymia An extreme difficulty in identifying and labeling one's emotions.
Emotion regulation An attempt to modify one or more aspects of the emotion-response trajectory.
Suppression A type of emotion regulation that involves inhibiting one's ongoing emotion-expressive behavior.
Reappraisal Altering the meaning of a potentially emotion-eliciting situation in order to alter one's emotional response to that situation.
Positive Psychology A relatively new field in psychological science focused on what makes people happy.
Happiness set point The level of happiness that is characteristic of a given individual, seems to be genetically determined.
Life circumstances Thought to account for only 10 percent of variations in happiness.
Hedonic Adaptation A phenomenon whereby an individual stops noticing a stimulus that remains constant over time.
Intentional Activities Account for 40 percent of the variation in happiness across individuals.
Cultivating feelings of gratitude An activity shown to increase happiness.
Savoring positive experiences An activity shown to increase happiness.
Using our strengths An activity shown to increase happiness by cultivating mastery.
Cognitive bandwidth cost
Physiological Aspects of Emotion The body's physiological reactions that contribute to emotional experiences.
Activation in the prefrontal regions Associated with self-regulation during reappraisal.
Decreased activation in the amygdala Associated with reduced negative emotion during reappraisal.
Subtle shades of difference Variations in anger words such as aggravation, irritation, frustration, hostility, rage, disgruntlement.
Created by: skyfalls
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