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Psychology-Attitudes
Attitude Stuff
| Explicit Attitudes | Attitudes that are at the conscious level, are deliberately formed and are easy to self-report. |
| implicit Attitudes | Attitudes that are at the unconscious level, are involuntarily formed and are typically unknown to us. |
| Cognitive dissonance (Leon Festinger in 1957) | The theory suggests that we all have an inner drive to hold all attitudes and beliefs in harmony (in alignment) and avoid is harmony (dissonance). |
| Attributions | The inferences we make about the causes of events or behaviours in order to understand social experiences are called attributions |
| Situational attributions | Assigning behaviour to external factors |
| dispositional attributions | (internal/personal) characteristics of an individual |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | This occurs when people place too much emphasis on dispositional attributes to try and explain a behaviour and not enough emphasis on the situational attributes - Ross and Colleagues 1977 |
| Self-serving Bias | It is a cognitive process that is partial to our need to maintain a good image of ourselves and our self-esteem (hence bias) Attribute our success to internal (dispositional) factors Attribute our failures to external (situational) factors |
| Confirmation Bias | Described as a tendency to search for, recall and interpret information to suit ideas, beliefs and values that we already hold |
| Social Identity - Tajfel (1970) | Social identity refers to a person’s sense of self based on how they fit into society and groups within that society. |
| Groups - social Identity | o In group – A group of people with shared interests/beliefs (who you identify with) o Out Group – People/groups that exist outside of someone’s group (don’t belong) |
| Social Categorisation | People instinctively categorise objects in order to understand and identify them. We do this with people (and ourselves) as well. This allows us to ‘know’ things about the person (or ourselves) |
| Social Identification | This stage of social identity theory sees an individual adopt the behaviour, attitudes and imagery of the group that they belong to |
| Social comparison | Individuals begin to compare their group with other groups. In order to consolidate social identity, the comparison to other groups needs to be favourable. |
| Sexism | Prejudice and discrimination on the basis of an individuals sex |
| Ageism | Prejudice and discrimination on the basis of age (typically youth or elderly but not restricted to an age group) |
| Tri-component model of attitudes | o Feelings (likes/dislikes) – Affective o Behaviours (actions/intentions) – Behavioural o Beliefs (thoughts/ideas) – Cognitive = attitude |
| Prejudice | To pre-judge an identifiable group or member of a group (not an isolated individual) |
| Discrimination | The actions a person exhibits as an expression of the attitudes or prejudices they have |
| Scapegoating | Suggests that aggressive behaviour is the result of a release of frustration and that therefor people engage in these sorts of behaviours as a means of relieving and venting |
| Direct Experience | A prejudice can be formed from having a direct encounter with someone, an object or idea which influences our attitude towards it |
| Personal and Group prejudice | P - Prejudice held by an individual towards other people or groups, results from direct experience G - Prejudice held by a group towards other people or groups Usually (in group) hold negative attitudes towards (out group) |
Created by:
Grace`1
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