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HD Exam 2
ch 7-12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| initiative vs guilt | erikson's stage (3-5yr) independence vs mistakes |
| psychological disorders | a pattern of feelings, thinking, or behaviors that cause distress or make it difficult to function |
| emotional socialization | learning how to express feelings in a culturally appropriate mannre |
| emotion coaching | adults helping kids manage their feelings |
| self- concept | a child's sense of who they are |
| gender roles | social/ cultural ideas about "gender appropriate" actions or behaviors |
| gender schemas | understanding the world through the framework of gender identities |
| gender segregation | boys and girls playing separately |
| gender identity | the gender people feel they are |
| nonconforming | gender that lies outside the binary |
| parenting styles | dimensional relations of how a caregiver interacts with their child |
| cultural humility | behaviors are shaped by culture but are open to other culture's influence |
| no-nonsense parenting | slightly stricter than typical authoritative but just as warm |
| power- assertive techniques | disciplinary strategies that rely on the parents' control |
| inductive reasoning | discipline through talking/ motivating children to "do better" |
| neglect | when caregivers fail to provide emotional, physical, or medical needs of their children |
| maltreatment | the general term for abuse and neglect |
| discipline | teaching children how to behave by setting rules, encouraging good behavior, and discouraging missteps |
| morality | an understanding of how people should treat each other |
| relationally aggressive | using words and relationships to hurt another emotionally or socially |
| reactive agression | planned aggression used to gain personal advantage |
| middle childhood | 6-11 years old |
| connectome | the network that links the regions of the brain |
| andrenarche | the process that readies the body for puberty and maturation/ the first sign of puberty |
| secondary sex characteristics | physical markers of an adult appearance |
| primary sex characteristics | reproductive organs that everyone is born with |
| intensive parenting/ concerted cultivation | a parenting strategy that focuses on achievement and adult supervision |
| concrete operational | piaget's stage (6-12) performing logical and problem solving |
| classification | grouping objects according to multiple dimensions |
| seriations | organizing objects into a series |
| working memory | short term memory, "mental workspace" |
| selective attention | the ability to control focus |
| inhibition | control of impulses |
| autobiographical memory | memory of one's own past |
| semantic memory | mental store of facts and information (long term) |
| automatization | reflectively remembering |
| rehearsal | memorization technique that involve repetition |
| elaboration | adding information to already known facts to provide more detail (which makes it easier to remember) |
| metamemory | awareness of remembering |
| suggestibility | vulnerable to having memories influenced |
| metacognition | awareness/ reflection of how you are thinking |
| cognitive effort | challenging mental work |
| intelligence | the ability to learn and apply what has been learned |
| intelligence quotient | intelligence scores on standardized tests |
| bell curve | standard deviation curve (IQ test) |
| eugenitics | immoral belief of breeding to make "peak" humans |
| flynn effect | IQ test scores raising over time |
| theory of multiple intelligence | gardner's idea that intelligence is a broad set of discrete abilities |
| linguistic skills | language and communication skills |
| spacial skills | skills in maps and geometry |
| theory of successful intelligence | sternberg's idea that intelligence is comprised of 3 major components (analytic, creative, practical) |
| analytic intelligence | abstract thinking and problem solving |
| creative intelligence | the generation of new ideas |
| practical intelligence | common sense or "street smarts" |
| pragmatics | communicating and understanding social cues/ body language |
| language brokers | children who translate for their parents and/or peers |
| achievement tests | standardized tests that measure what children have learned, including reading comprehension and math/ science skills |
| school to prison pipeline | children who are frequently suspended are more likelyh to end up in prison |
| literacy | reading and writing skills |
| numeracy | manipulating numbers and arithmetic skills |
| phonetic awareness | the ability to identify the sounds in workds |
| phonics- based instruction | builds reading skills by reinforcing the link between words and their sounds |
| whole-language approach | teaching language through a literacy all-encompassing- environment |
| intrinsic motivation | internal motivation |
| extrinsic motivation | motivated by a reward |
| self-efficacy | the belief in one's own ability to make a change of have an impact |
| grit | the ability to persevere in order to achieve a long-term goal |
| specific learning disabilities | difficulties with language development, reading, or arithmetic that lead to problems functioning in school or at home |
| dyslexia | an impaired ability to connect speech sounds to written words |
| dyscalculia | impaired ability to understand and manipulate numbers |
| intellectual disability | difficulties with academics, practical skills, or social relationships |
| gifted education | an academic program for children who may need advanced or specialized education in order to meet their potential |
| resilience | the ability to recover from stressors and challenges, even traumatic or chronic ones |
| industry vs inferiority | erikson's theory in which children are challenged to build their sense of themselves as capable and avoid feeling inadequate |
| conscientiousness | diligence |
| neuroticism | emotional stability |
| harsh caregiving | when adults are consistently angry, negative, or disappointed in their children |
| rejecting caregiving | when adults demean their children or communicate that they disapprove of or dislike them |
| coercive cycle | emotional chicken (manipulation) |
| relational agression | using interpersonal relationships to harm/ manipulate another |
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