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Pharm 2 final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Praziquantel indication | all tapeworms |
| Epsiprontal indication | Dogs- dip caninum and T. pisiformis Cats- dip caninum and t. taeniaformis |
| Which is the only drug effective against E.granulosa | Praziquantel |
| Isoquinolones | Praziquantel and Epsiprontal |
| Isoquinolones dynamics | alters intracellular calcium -> paralysis and tegument breakdown |
| Praziquantel contraindicated for | Food animals |
| Epsiprontal contraindicated | No CNS so no E. granulosa |
| Clorsulon indication | Fasciola after 8 weeks |
| Clorsulon dynamics | stops glycolysis via inhibition of phosphoglycromitase and phosphoglycratekinase |
| Benzimidazoles | albendazole and fenbendazole |
| Albendazole indications | Moriezia and fasicola after 12 weeks. Round worm and giardia. Cow- stomach worm, intestinal worm and lung worm |
| Albendazole adverse effects | aplastic anemia and maybe teratogenic |
| Difference between Praz and Epsi | Stays in the gut and not absorbed systematically |
| Fenbendazole indications | Dogs- T. pisiformis, whipworm Cats- T. pisiformis, lungworm, strongyloides Both- Fasicola gigantica, round worm, hookworm and giardia Cow- lung worm, stomach worms and intestinal worms Horse- strongyles, pinworms, and ascarids |
| Benzimidazole dynamics | Non comp binding to beta tubulin in all stages. |
| Benzimidazole adverse effects | Hypersensitivity to dying worms. |
| Pyrethrins indications | fleas, ticks, some 3rds gens have mites and lice coverage |
| Pyrethrins dynamics | activates NA+ in nerves which depolarizes the nerves |
| Pyrethrins adverse effects | 2nd gens toxic to cats (SLUDGE) |
| 1st gen pyrethrins | allethrin and etoforprox |
| 2nd gen pyrethrins | phenothrin and remethrin |
| 3rd gen pyrethrins | permethrin and fenvalerate |
| 4th gen pyrethrins | cyfluthrin and cypermethrin |
| Synergist | Pipernyl and N-ocytl bicyclophenate |
| Synergist dynamics | blocks p450, inhibits oxidative and hydrolytic metabolism prevents enzymatic breakdown of pyrethrins |
| Organophosphate | Fenthron and Famphir |
| Organophosphate dynamics | long lasting ACHe inhibitor, irreversible with aging |
| Fenthron and Famphir indication | spray on dust pesticides |
| Tetrachlorniophus indications | flea collars |
| Carabyl indications | Shampoo and dust |
| Propoxur indications | collars |
| Organophosphate/ carbamates Adverse effects | SLUDGE, bronchoconstriction, bradycardia, decreased BP, seizures |
| Organophosphate/ carbamates contraindications | Sensitive in certain breeds: Poultry, cats, greyhounds, whippets, brahman, charlois, simmetals. Parasites developing resistance, environmental persistence, variable withdrawal types. |
| Pralidexime Chloride (2-PAM) dynamics | ACHe agonist |
| Pralidexime Chloride (2-PAM) indication | For tx of organophosphate toxicity |
| TX of Organophosphate toxicity | Admin atropine until eyes become dilated- repeat as needed Admin 2-Pam and maintain resp until effects resolve |
| Imidaclopril and Nitenpyram indication | fleas resistant to fipronil |
| Imidaclopril and Nitenpyram dynamics | agonist of nicotinic AChR |
| Imidaclopril Adverse effects | nicotinic and hepatic |
| Fipronil indications | fleas, ticks, biting lice, ear parasites, trambicula autumnalis |
| Fipronil dynamics | non comp inhib of glutamate activated chloride channels |
| Fluralaner and Afoxolaner indications | Fleas and ticks in dogs |
| Fluralaner and Afoxolaner dynamics | Inhibit GABA receptors |
| Fluralaner dynamics | Inhibit GABA receptors and glutamate activated chloride channels |
| Fluralaner and Afoxolaner adverse effects | vomiting, inappetence, diarrhea, and hypersalivation |
| Amitraz indication | Dogs- Demodex, fleas and ticks Cats- Demodicosis Cattle and Swine- Ticks, mites, and lice |
| Amitraz dynamics | MAO inhib and toxic catecholamines |
| Amitraz adverse effects | alpha 2 agonist |
| Amitraz common cause of toxicity | eating it, usually toy breeds |
| Amitraz toxicity reversal DOC | Atripamezole |
| Juvenile Hormone Analogs indications | Fleas dogs and cats |
| Juvenile Hormone Analogs dynamics | hormones induce flea maturation when the decrease |
| Juvenile Hormone Analogs | Methoprene and pyriproxyfen |
| Juvenile Hormone Analogs adverse effects | Be careful of combos in cats |
| Insect Development Inhibitor | Lufeneron |
| Insect Development Inhibitor indications | Fleas in dogs and cats |
| Insect Development Inhibitor dynamics | stops production of chitin exoskeleton |
| Insect Development Inhibitor adverse effects | injection site reactions |
| Repellents | butoxypolypropylene di-n-propyl isocinchomeronate diethyl-m- toluamide |
| Normal progression through cell is regulated by | presence of growth signals and checkpoints |
| Uncontrolled progression of cancer cell mutations is | proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes |
| Proto-oncogenes | Cancer mutation-promotes cell growth in absence of growth signals |
| Tumor Suppressor gene | Cancer mutation- overrides checkpoints that prevent growth or cell death |
| Fraction of dividing cells in tumor ___ as tumor size increases | decrease |
| Contribution of mutations acting on cancer cells | genome instability and mutation, resisting cell death, deregulating cellular energetics, sustained proliferative signaling |
| Contribution of mutations acting on microenvironment | evading growth suppressors, avoiding immune destruction, tumor promoting inflamm, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastisis |
| Goals of cancer treatment | Cure> remission> palliative tx |
| DOC for anal sac carcinoma | doxorubin, mitoxantrone, toceranib |
| DOC for TCC | piroxicam + [mitoxantrone, carboplatin, gemcitabine], vinblastine, mitomycin C |
| DOC for multiple myeloma | melphalan+prednisone |
| DOC for osteosarcoma | doxorubicin, carboplatin, cisplatin, gemcitabine |
| DOC for lymphoma remission | Cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, oncovin, prednisone (CHOP) |
| Febantel | Prodrug that turns into fenbendazole |
| Nm agonists | Levamisole, pyrantel pamoate, morantel tartrate |
| Levamisole indications | Cattle, sheep and goats- lung worm (Dicty) GI worm (Haemonchus, oster, cooperia, trich) Swine- mature stage GI worm |
| Levamisole dynamics | Nicotinic AChr agonist |
| Levamisole adverse effects | SLUDGE, may increase when given with pyrantel. Horses pretty intolerant |
| Morantel indications | Cow, sheep, goat- GI worms |
| Pyrantel pamoate indications | GI worms |
| Morantel and pyrantel dynamics | Nicotinic AChr agonist, sim to levamisole. |
| Piperazine dynamics | GABA receptor agoinst |
| Piperazine indications dogs and cats | toxocara |
| Piperazine indications horses | Cyanthome and ascarids |
| Piperazine indications pigs | ascarids and nodular worms |
| Emodepside indication | toxocara cati and ancylostoma tubaeforme cats |
| Emodepside dynamics | Latrophilin receptor agonist which induces release of PF1 neutropeptide into synaptic cleft. |
| Emodepside adverse effects | Self limiting effects in 3% or fewer cats |
| Recommendation for limiting resistance | use indicated drug, rotate between indicated drugs, treat at defined threshold and monitor parasite levels in patient population |
| Avermectins food animals | Ivermectin, eprinomectin, doramectin |
| Avermectins small animals | selamectin, ivermectin |
| Avermectin horses | ivermectin |
| Milbemycins | Moxidectin and milbemycon oxime |
| Spinosyns | Spinosyn A/D |
| Ivermectin Pig indication | GI round worms, lungwoems, lice and sarcoptic mange |
| Ivermectin Horse indication | GI roundworms, better against gastro intestinalis. |
| Moxidectin Horse indication | GI roundworms, better against cyanthostomum |
| Avermectins and milbemycins Dog indication | Dirofillaria immitis |
| Spinosad Dog indication | fleas |
| Ivermectin ELDU Dog indication | Demodicosis, sarcoptes scabiei, otodectes, and nasal mites |
| Selamectin Dog indication | Dirofilaria immitis, fleas, otodec, scabies, dermacentor |
| Milbemycin Dog indication | Dirofilaria immitis, GI roundworms, hoookworms and whipworms |
| Moxidectin Dog indication | Dirofilaria immitis and hookworm |
| Selamectin Cat indication | D. immitis, fleas, otodect, T.cati, A tubaeforme |
| Milbemycin Cat indication | D. immitis, GI roundworm and hookworm |
| Class 1 severity scale heart worm | Asymptomatic, + antigen |
| Class 2 severity scale heart worm | Moderate Pulmonary Damage, Coughing and Exercise Intolerance |
| Class 3 severity scale heart worm | Right CHF, Cor pulmonale, Syncope, Anemia, Cachexia |
| Class 4 severity scale heart worm | Caval syndrome, shock, DIC, Jugular distension, mitral regurgitation |
| What is the last point of pharmacological intervetion on the severity scale heartworm | Class 3 |
| What larval stage can heartworm infect animal | L3 |
| Cat heartworm difference to dog | Most cats will eliminate but should still be on preventative |
| Heartworm treatment gap | Time when larvae is turning into an adult and no drug works |
| Macrocyclic lactones work on which stage of D. immitis | L3 to 1/2 of L4 |
| Melarsomines work on which stage of D. immitis | Adults |
| Split Dose Strategy | Start on monthly avermectin (to prevent increase in burden). Give for 2 months. You can now give melarsomines with steroid to prevent hypersensitivity |
| Wolbachia | Live in D. immitis |
| TX for Wolbachia | Doxycycline |
| Melarsomine indication | D. immitis older than 5 months |
| Melarsomine contraindication | Dogs with caval syndrome |
| Melarsomine adverse effects | VERY TOXIC IN CATS, will have adverse effect if given. Inflammation in injection site, coughing, lethargy, fever |
| Macrocyclic lactones dynamics | non comp agonist of glutamate chloride channels and agonist of GABA |
| What is the possible cause of toxicity in macrocyclic lactones | High doses leading to agonism of GABA |
| P-gp | An ATP dependent cellular efflux pump and its everywhere |
| Collies have what mutation? | MDR1, which stops P-gp uptake of drug leaving it in the blood. It ends up in the brain and causes toxicity. |
| Giardia infectious stage | trophozoite |
| Where does giardia infection come from | contaminated food or water |
| TX for giardia | Benzimidazoles and nitromidazoles |
| Nitromidazole contraindication | No food animals |
| Babesiosis transmission | tick |
| Babesiosis pathogenic stages infect? | RBC |
| Babesiosis tx horses | Imidocarb dipropionate |
| Imidocarb dipropionate dynamics | DNA denaturing agent |
| Imidocarb dipropionate adverse effects | injection site inflamm and cholinergic signs. Renal tubular necrosis (rare) |
| Babesiosis Dog tx | Atovaquone + azithro |
| Babesiosis Cattle is | REPORTABLE |
| Atovaquone dynamics | electron transport chain inhibitor |
| Most common protozoal disease in the US | Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis |
| Cause of EPM | Sacocystis neurona and Neospora (rarely) |
| EPM transmission | consumption of food or water contaminated with feces of definitive host |
| EPM definitive host | opossum |
| EPM pathogenic stage | merozoites and schizonts |
| EPM common sings | Asymmetric ataxia |
| TX for epm | ponazuril or diclazuril |
| Thiazine derivatives | ponazuril and diclazuril |
| Thiazine derivatives dynamics | interfere with apicoplast function |
| What does hepatozoonosis infect | dogs and coyotes |
| hepatozoonosis pathogenic stage | schizonts and gamonts |
| hepatozoonosis signs | severe neutrophilic lymphocystosis and joint pain w/ myositis |
| TX for hepatozoonosis | TMS+clindamyacin+pyrimethamine |
| Tx hepatozoonosis stand alone | Decoquinate |
| Decoquinate dynamics | electron chain transport inhibitor |
| Toxoplasmosis intermediate host | any mammal |
| TX Toxoplasmosis | TMS or clindamycin |
| Coccidiosis transmission | fecal oral or consumption of rodent |
| Amprolium indications | Coccidiosis tx all species |
| Robendine indication | Coccidiosis tx birds |
| Ionophores indication | Coccidiosis tx ruminants and birds |
| Coccidiosis signs | diarrhea |
| Amprolium dynamics | compete with thiamine metabolism |
| Amprolium adverse effects | thiamine deficiency, neuro signs |
| Ionophores dynamics | disrupt Na+ gradient, cidal |
| Alkylating agents | Nitrogen mustards, platinum agents, methylating agents and others |
| Nitrogen mustards | Cyclophosphamides, mechlorethamines, melphalan |
| Platinum agent | ciplatin, carboplatin |
| Methylating agents | dacarbazine and procarbazine |
| Alkylating dynamics | covalent bonding to DNA bases inducing apoptosis. Free radicals |
| Which base do alkylating drugs prefer | guanine |
| Which alkylating agent is most strongly absorbed in liver, bone, and GI tissue | Platinum agents |
| Adverse effects of alkylating agents | Vesication, dose limiting tox, specific dose limiting tox |
| Vesication | severe tissue damage from drug getting out of circulation |
| Which drugs are always vesicants | active drugs, so careful catheter placement |
| Dose limiting tox | Mose severe toxic effect that doesn't lead to acute death. |
| Cisplatin toxicity | Lethal pulmonary edema CATS |
| Mechanism of resistance to alkylating agents | increased expression of DNA repair enzymes, increased production of molecules that inactivate drugs and reducing intracellular drug concentration |
| Anthracyclines | doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, dactinomycin |
| Doxorubicin dynamics | combines with iron and catalyzes turns into oxygen radicals. Inhibits topoisomerase |
| Mitoxantrone dynamics | inhibit topoisomerase |
| Dactinomycin dynamics | Inhibit DNA dependent RNA synthesis |
| Anthracycline distribution | Excluded from CNS by P-gp |
| Doxorubicin early adverse affects | nausea and vomiting, anaphylaxis, ventricular arrythmmia |
| Doxorubicin intermediate adverse affects | Alopecia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia, tissue inflamm and necrosis |
| Doxorubicin chronic adverse affects Dogs | DCM |
| Doxorubicin chronic adverse affects Cats | Chronic renal failure |
| Dactinomycin adverse effects | myelosuppression, diarrhea, ulcerative stomatitis, urate stone formation dalmatians |
| Mitoxantrone adverse effects | Vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, myelosuppression |
| Anthracycline resistance | increased P-gp and increased glutathione |
| Nucleotide analogs | Cytarabine, Gemcitabine, Rabacfosadine |
| Cytarabine, Gemcitabine dynamics | cytosine analog, incorporated into growing DNA strand |
| Which phase does Cytarabine, Gemcitabine attach to | S phase |
| Cytarabine, Gemcitabine adverse effects | Myelosuppresion |
| Rabacfosadine dynamics | Guanine nucleotide analog, does not have ribose base |
| Rabacfosadine contraindications | Pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary disease leading to fibrosis and west highland white terriers. |
| Rabacfosadine adverse effects | Pulmnary fibrosis, cumulative dermatopathy, bone marrow suppression, GI effects, tachycardia |
| Tubulin dynamic affecting drugs | Vincristine, vinblastine and paclitaxel |
| Tubulin affecting drugs dynamics | Stabilize microtubules to prevent breakdown of spindles during cytokinesis. |
| What phase does Tubulin affecting drugs act on | M phase |
| Tubulin affecting drugs Adverse effects | Dose limiting tox, interaction with axonal microtubules. |
| Tubulin affecting drugs tox signs | Difficulty with locomotion voice change |
| Which tubulin affecting drug is more toxic | vincristine |
| Paclitaxel adverse effects | histamine release |
| Which tubulin drug is more myelosuppressive | vinblastine |
| Tyrosine kinase inhibitors | toceranib |
| C-kit | A receptor kinase that is a pro-oncogene |
| Toceranib dynamics | comp antag of ATP binding on c-kit |
| Which phase does toceranib act on | G1 phase |
| Toceranib adverse effects | GI, BM supressor, changes in skin color, thromboembolic disease |
| Asparginase acts on which phase of the cell cycle | G1 phase |
| L-asparginase adverse effects | hypersensitivity and protein synth abnormalities (hepatotoxicity, defective coag) |
| Anti-inflamm drugs | Prednisone, piroxicam |
| Prednisone dose | high dose for cancer |
| Prednisone dynamics | induces apoptosis which is independent of cell cycle |
| Piroxicam DOC for | TCC in dogs |
| Piroxicam dynamics | Non-specifc cyclooxygenase inhibitor |
| Which bezimidazole not work in horse? | albendazole |
| Which avermectins can you give in lactating cows? | Eprinomectin and moxidectin |
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