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Chapter 11 psy
chapter 11 only
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is developmental psychology? | the study of how the mind and behavior develop and change throughout life. These changes can be slow and gradual or occur quickly from one stage to the next. Both biological and experiential factors influence development. |
| How does neural development occur in the womb? | During prenatal development, the brain’s overall size increases, neurons grow, and the number of synapses (connections between neurons) multiplies. After birth, these connections continue to form, especially in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. |
| What are the stages of motor and sensory development | Newborns begin with simple, unlearned reflexes such as: Grasping reflex, rooting reflex (to find milk), Sucking reflex (As babies develop, they progress through more complex motor and sensory behaviors in a predictable order.) |
| What are the four stages of cognitive development according to Jean Piaget? | Piaget identified four major stages: Sensorimotor stage (birth–2 years) – Learning through senses and actions; development of schemas and object permanence (understanding objects exist even when unseen). Preoperational stage (2–7 years) – Use of symbols |
| What is conservation? | the understanding that quantity remains the same even when its appearance changes. |
| How does conservation relate to cognitive development? | Children in the preoperational stage fail conservation tasks, while those in the concrete operational stage succeed. |
| What is conservation of numbers? | Same number of objects even if spaced differently. |
| What is conservation of volume? | Same amount of liquid, even in different-shaped containers. |
| What is conservation of mass? | Same amount of clay, even if reshaped or pressed flat. |
| What is object permanence? | the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they can’t be seen. |
| How is object permanence testes? | It’s tested through “possible” and “impossible” events—for example, showing infants a toy car that seems to pass through a solid block (an impossible event). Infants stare longer at impossible events, suggesting surprise and awareness that the object shou |
| What is the false-belief test? | |
| What does false-belief measure in children? | |
| What is egocentrism? | |
| how does egocentrism affect a child’s thinking during development? | |
| What is theory of mind? | |
| At what stage does theory of mind typically begin to develop? | |
| What are the four main types of attachment styles observed in infants? | secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized |
| What is secure attachment? | |
| What is avoidant attachment? | |
| What is ambivalent? | |
| What is disorganized attachment? | |
| What were Harry Harlow’s experiments with monkeys designed to study? | |
| What did Harlow’s findings reveal about the importance of comfort and contact in attachment? | |
| What is temperament? | |
| How does temperament influence early personality development? | |
| How do individual differences in temperament affect attachment and social behavior? | |
| What is Kohlberg’s three stages of moral development? | preconventional, conventional, and postconventional |
| What is preconventional moral development? | |
| What is conventional moral development? | |
| What is postconventional moral development? | |
| What are some criticisms or limitations of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development? | |
| How do moral reasoning and behavior change across Kohlberg’s preconventional, conventional, and postconventional stages? |
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