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Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy and Brain Function: Cortex, Limbic System, and Neuroimaging Technic
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | The system composed of the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord; connects the parts of the body to the brain. |
| Cranial nerves | Transmits information from your eyes, ears, nose, and mouth to the brain. |
| Cerebral cortex | The outermost layer of the brain, which supports cognitive skills, complex emotions and complex mental activity, and your sense of mind and self. |
| Occipital lobe | A lobe that runs along the back portion of the head; contains the primary visual cortex and is largely devoted to vision. |
| Temporal lobe | A lobe that runs alongside the ears; contains the primary auditory cortex and is responsible for the ability to hear and understand language, as well as person and object recognition. |
| Parietal lobe | A lobe that runs alongside the head above and behind the ears; contains the primary somatosensory cortex and is involved in attention and locating objects. |
| Primary somatosensory cortex | (parietal lobe) The cortex that is responsible for the sense of touch; contains a map of the body. |
| Prefrontal cortex | Responsible for thought, planning, decision making, and self-control. |
| Executive functions | The cognitive processes that allow us to plan, focus attention, and organize multiple tasks to complete our goals. |
| Debunked | The status of phrenology after it was shown to lack scientific validity. |
| Anatomical Directions | The terms used to describe the locations of structures in the brain. |
| Phineas Gage | 25-year-old manager of a railroad excavation crew who suffered an accident which shot an iron rod through his jaw and up through his frontal lobe. |
| Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (vmPFC) | Destroyed in Phineas Gage's accident, leading to a change in personality. |
| Insular Lobe | The cortex that is insulated by the overlying cortex, supports sense of taste, allows perception of internal organs, and is the primary taste cortex. |
| Localization | Certain parts of the brain are dedicated to performing certain functions. |
| Lesion | An abnormal normal tissue resulting from disease, trauma, or surgical intervention. |
| Issues with Lesion Studies | Naturally occurring brain damage is not specifically localized and may spread over time; finding patients with very specific localized damage is incredibly rare. |
| Karl Wernicke | German neurologist known for demonstrating a double dissociation between brain regions involved in language comprehension and language generation. |
| Paul Broca | French physician known for demonstrating a double dissociation between brain regions involved in language generation. Speech production |
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) | A variation of MRI that measures brain function by tracking oxygen in the blood flow through the brain. |
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) | a noninvasive medical treatment that uses magnetic pulses to stimulate nerve cells in the brain |
| Phrenology | An early pseudoscience suggesting that mental abilities and personality traits could be read from bumps on the skull. |
| Franz Joseph Gall | The founder of phrenology in the early 1800s. |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | The system composed of the brain and spinal cord; information from your body travels to the brain by way of the nerves of your spinal cord. |
| Primary motor cortex | (frontal lobe) The cortex that is responsible for voluntary movements. |
| Frontal lobe | A lobe located in the front of the head; contains the primary motor cortex and map of the body's muscles, essential for movement and planning. |
| Somatosensory homunculus | A representation of the body in the brain that illustrates the amount of cortical area dedicated to each body part. |
| Behavioral traits | Specific locations on the skull, as suggested by phrenology, represented behavioral traits such as secretiveness and individuality. |
| Hemispheres | The two halves of the brain, each with subdivisions (lobes). |
| Lobes | Subdivisions of the hemispheres of the brain, each with specific functions. |
| Command Center | Serves as the command center for different processes running in parallel throughout the brain. |
| Change in Personality | Phineas Gage became irritable, profane, and irresponsible after his accident. |
| Limbic System | A system often associated with emotion, plays a role in smell, learning and memory, and motivation. |
| Hippocampus | A component of the limbic system crucial for episodic memory, spatial navigation, and imagining future scenarios. |
| Amygdala | A component of the limbic system important for registering the emotional significance of events, particularly fear. |
| Almond-shaped Structure | Describes the shape of the amygdala, located just to the inside of the end of the hippocampus. |
| Emotional Memories | The amygdala influences the hippocampus for emotionally significant memories. |
| Neuropsychology | The study of the brain's workings; done by examining the brain's altered function following brain damage. |
| Contralateral Wiring | Supported early arguments that damage to the left side of the head often results in paralysis or numbness on the right side of the body. |
| Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS) | non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a weak electrical current to modulate brain activity |
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