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PSYCH 101 Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the definition of Personality? | A person’s characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. |
| What is the definition of Personality Trait? | A pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that is consistent across situations and over time. |
| Through what are the big 5 identified? | Identified through factor analysis |
| Is personality stable over time? Due to what? | Personality is stable over time partly due to genetics |
| Openness to Experience | Imaginative, Likes veriety, Independent |
| Consciousness | Organized, Careful, Self-disciplined |
| Extraverted | Social, Fun- loving, Affectionate |
| Agreeableness | Softhearted, Trusting, Helpful |
| Neuroticism | Worried, Insecure, Self-pitying |
| Sarah is often described by her friends as organized, dependable, and highly self-disciplined. She always meets her deadlines and plans her tasks meticulously. Which of the Big Five personality traits is Sarah scoring high on? | Consciousness |
| John is at a large social gathering where he knows only a few people. He spends most of the evening engaging in conversation with strangers, is energetic, and seems to be the center of attention. John is likely high in which trait? | Extraversion |
| Which personality trait is primarily characterized by emotional instability, anxiety, moodiness, irritability, and sadness? | Neuroticism |
| Which of the following traits describes someone who is organized, responsible, and reliable? A. Neuroticism B. Conscientiousness C. Agreeableness D. Openness | B |
| Maria loves exploring new ideas, enjoys abstract art, and often seeks out unfamiliar experiences. Which Big Five trait is she high in? | Openness to Experience |
| True or False: Someone who is low in Extraversion is necessarily shy and socially anxious. | False |
| A person who scores high on Neuroticism is most likely to experience which? A. Calmness and emotional stability B. Frequent stress, worry, and mood swings C. Strong interest in intellectual challenges D. A preference for crowded social environments | B |
| List two behaviors someone high in Agreeableness might show. | Trusting, Soft-hearted |
| What is the Barnum effect? | Believing that a vague, generic statement applies extremely well to you personally |
| Why do we fall for the Barnum Effect? | Need to find meaning, trust authority, self validation |
| What does NEO-PI measure? | Personality by assessing the big five traits(highly respected by scholars aroung the world) |
| What does the Extraversion–Introversion dimension measure in MBTI? | Where people direct their energy. Extraversion (E): outward focus, stimulation from interaction. Introversion (I): inward focus, energy from reflection. |
| What does the Sensing–Intuition dimension measure? | How people take in information. Sensing (S): concrete, detail-focused, present-oriented. Intuition (N): big picture, patterns, future-oriented. |
| What does the Thinking–Feeling dimension measure? | How people make decisions. Thinking (T): logic, objectivity, rules. Feeling (F): values, empathy, harmony. |
| What does the Judging–Perceiving dimension measure? | Approach to structure Judging (J): organized, planned, prefer closure. Perceiving (P): flexible, spontaneous, open-ended. |
| What is the reliability problem with the MBTI? | People often get different results when retaking it—low test–retest reliability. |
| Why do psychologists say the MBTI has poor predictive validity? | MBTI types don’t reliably predict behavior or job performance. |
| What is the issue with MBTI using categories? | It forces people into discrete types, but most traits are continuous (better captured by Big Five). |
| How does the Barnum Effect relate to MBTI? | MBTI descriptions are vague and flattering, so people feel they fit (“sounds like me!”) even if the statements are general. |
| Why do researchers question the scientific basis of the MBTI? | Its creators used Jungian theory, not empirical research, and the tool lacks strong evidence in modern personality psychology. |
| What makes the Rorschach a projective test? | Uses ambiguous inkblots that people interpret, projecting inner thoughts. |
| What makes the TAT a projective test? | Uses vague pictures that prompt people to create stories reflecting their motives. |
| What makes projective tests “projective”? | Ambiguous stimuli lead people to project unconscious thoughts and feelings. |
| A person is shown an inkblot and asked, “What might this be?” | Rorschach Inkblot Test |
| A person is shown an ambiguous picture and asked to tell a story about what’s happening. | TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) |
| A person answers yes/no questions on a long list to generate personality scores on stable traits. | Objective personality inventory (e.g., MMPI, NEO) |
| A person matches words with quick reactions to reveal hidden associations. | Implicit Association Test (IAT) |
| A person is asked to complete sentence stems like “I feel happiest when…” | Sentence Completion Test (projective) |
| You sometimes feel outgoing, but other times prefer to be alone.” — Barnum effect? | True (very general statement) |
| “You are extremely afraid of flying because of a past incident.” — Barnum effect? | False (too specific) |
| “You have a strong need to be liked and try to please others.” — Barnum effect? | True (applies to most people) |
| “You often worry about whether you’re making the right choices.” — Barnum effect? | True (common human experience) |
| “Your birthday makes you naturally creative and artistic.” — Barnum effect? | False (still generalizing, but too specific to be a typical Barnum statement) |
| “You prefer structure, routines, and knowing what to expect each day.” — Barnum effect? | True (broad, fits many) |
| “You broke your arm as a child, which made you cautious today.” — Barnum effect? | False (specific personal detail) |
| What is stress? | A situation that throws you off balance and feels too hard to handle |
| What is Distress? | Negative Events |
| What is Eustress? | Positive Events |
| What do Hassles do? | Bring you down |
| What do Uplifts do? | Lift you up |
| What does Cognitive appraisal mean? | How you SEE the event: * As something you will be able to handle *As something that will be hard to handle |
| What is the Alarm stage of Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome? | The body prepares for fight/flight/freeze in the short term |
| Which hormones are released during the Alarm stage, and what do they do? | Epinephrine/adrenaline: increases arousal Cortisol: reduces inflammation and pain. |
| What is the Resistance stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome? | The body actively confronts the ongoing threat, staying on high alert and ignoring other bodily needs. |
| What physical and cognitive symptoms are common in the Resistance stage? | Chronically high heart rate and blood pressure, suppressed immune system, insomnia, trouble concentrating. |
| What is the Exhaustion stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome? | The body’s resources are depleted; resistance to the threat and to other stressors collapses. |
| Why is the Exhaustion stage dangerous? | It leaves you vulnerable to serious health problems—and consequences can be fatal. |
| What is the main function of the sympathetic nervous system? | Activates the fight/flight/freeze response during stress |
| What is the main function of the parasympathetic nervous system? | Activates rest and digest (calms the body and conserves energy). |
| What happens to heart rate with sympathetic activation? | Heart rate increases. |
| What happens to heart rate with parasympathetic activation? | Heart rate decreases (slows back down). |
| What hormones are released during sympathetic activation? | Adrenaline/epinephrine and cortisol. |
| Which system is dominant during relaxation or after a stressor ends? | Parasympathetic. |
| Which system increases breathing, heart rate, sweating, and energy use? | Sympathetic. |
| Which system increases digestion, salivation, and healing? | Parasympathetic. |
| What does the Biomedical Model say causes illness? | Illness comes entirely from physical problems in the body. |
| According to the Biomedical Model, what is a “healthy” body? | One that is illness-free and disease-free. |
| What does the Biopsychosocial Model say determines health? | A combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. |
| Which model focuses only on the body and ignores mental/social factors? | Biomedical Model. |
| Which model views health as influenced by stress, behavior, relationships, and biology? | Biopsychosocial Model. |
| Which model is used in modern health psychology | Biopsychosocial Model. |
| What is Hardiness? | A personality trait that helps people stay healthy under stress. |
| What is Commitment in hardiness? | Staying involved in life with interest and curiosity instead of withdrawing. |
| What is Control in hardiness? | Believing you can influence what happens in your life, not feeling helpless. |
| What is Challenge in hardiness? | Seeing change as normal and viewing stressors as opportunities to grow. |
| Problem-focused Coping | Taking direct steps to solve the problem: generating alternative solutions, weighing their costs and benefits, and choosing between them |
| Example of problem-focused coping | Academic trouble-getting a tutor |
| Emotion-focused Coping | Person tries to prevent emotional response to stressor-distract from or numb the pain |
| Example of Emotional-focused coping | Having difficulty in school-skipping class to avoid the stress. (Unhealthy) |
| A student feels overwhelmed by an upcoming exam. They create a detailed study plan and schedule tutoring. Is this coping style emotion- or problem-focused? | Problem-focused |
| After an argument with a friend, someone calls another friend to vent and calm down. Emotion- or problem-focused? | Emotion-focused |
| A person is stressed about high credit card debt and starts making a monthly budget and cutting expenses. Emotion- or problem-focused? | Problem-focused |
| Someone feels anxious before giving a presentation, so they practice deep breathing to relax. Emotion- or problem-focused? | Emotion-focused |
| A worker is upset about heavy workload. They talk to their boss to adjust deadlines. Emotion- or problem-focused? | Problem-focused |
| A person eats ice cream, watches Netflix, and tries to distract themselves after receiving bad news. Emotion- or problem-focused? | Emotion-focused (avoidance emotion coping) |
| Someone has car trouble and immediately calls a mechanic, compares repair shops, and arranges a ride. Emotion- or problem-focused? | Problem-focused |
| A person reframes a situation by telling themselves, “This isn’t the end of the world; I can handle it.” Emotion- or problem-focused? | Emotion-focused (cognitive reappraisal) |
| A student procrastinates and feels stressed, so they meditate to feel calmer before starting their work. Emotion- or problem-focused? | Emotion-focused |
| Someone stressed about their noisy roommates buys earplugs and finds a quieter place to study. Emotion- or problem-focused? | Problem-focused |
| Maria’s workload suddenly doubles. Instead of shutting down, she stays engaged with her tasks and looks for ways to organize them better. Does this show hardiness? Which components? | Yes: Commitment + Control |
| Jordan’s class project groups get randomly reassigned. Jordan says, “Change happens. I can learn from working with new people,” and starts planning the next steps. Does this show hardiness? Which components? | Yes-Challenge |
| Sam feels overwhelmed with a difficult internship and starts skipping shifts because it feels pointless. Does this show hardiness? | No (lack of Commitment) |
| A sudden family issue interrupts Tia’s semester. She tells herself, “I can’t change what happened, but I can control how I respond,” and meets with her advisor to make an adjusted plan. Does this show hardiness? Which components? | Yes: Control + Commitment |
| A team loses half their funding. Devin panics and insists their project is ruined and nothing can be done. Hardiness? | No (lack of Control and Challenge) |
| After being rejected from a grad program, Elise thinks, “This setback might push me to improve my portfolio and apply elsewhere.” Does this show hardiness? Which components? | Yes: Challenge |
| Chris stays fully involved in a demanding volunteer project even when things get complicated, because they genuinely care about the work. Hardiness? Which component? | Yes: Commitment |
| When a conflict happens at work, Dana focuses on what actions she can take to fix the situation rather than what’s out of her control. Hardiness? Which components? | Yes: Control |
| A major change in company policies frustrates most employees. Riley says, “We’ll adapt—maybe we can use this to improve our workflow.” Hardiness? Which components? | Yes: Challenge |
| Taylor gets a low grade on a paper and decides there’s no point in asking for feedback because the professor “just doesn’t like them.” Hardiness? | No (lack of Control) |
| Primary Apraisal | “Is this situation a threat, challenge, or irrelevant?” |
| Secondary Apraisal | “Can I cope? What resources do I have?” |
| Jordan gets an email saying her internship supervisor wants an urgent meeting. Jordan immediately thinks: “Is this bad? Am I in trouble?” Primary or Secondary? | Primary (evaluating if the situation is a threat) |
| Lena is told she has to give a presentation next week. She thinks: “Okay… how can I prepare? I’ll practice my slides and ask a friend to listen.” Primary or Secondary? | Secondairy (Assessing, coping, planning) |
| Alex sees a dog running toward them at full speed. Their mind instantly evaluates: “Is this dangerous?” Primary or Secondary? | Primary (judging threat) |
| Sam finds out they failed a quiz. They immediately think: “Who can help me study so I don’t fail the class? Can I meet with the professor?” Primary or Secondary? | Secondary (coping options) |
| A professor announces a surprise group project. Taylor thinks: “Ugh. This is going to be a lot of work.” Primary or Secondary? | Primary(evaluation of significants/stressfulness) |
| Maria gets laid off. After the initial shock, she thinks: “Okay, what are my options? I can apply for unemployment, update my résumé, and talk to friends about openings.” Primary or Secondary? | Secondary (coping) |
| You make a weird noise in class and everyone looks at you. Immediately, you think: “This is embarrassing. Is this a threat to my social standing?” Primary or Secondary? | Primary (Evaluating potential harm) |
| A friend texts that they need to talk “right now.” You think: “What does this mean? Is something wrong?” Primary or Secondary? | Primary (determining meaning of the event) |
| What is the bystander effect? | Individuals are less likely to offer help to a person in distress when other people are present |
| How many major reasons for the bystander effect does research indicate? | Research indicates 4 major reasons |
| What are the 4 major reasons for the bystander effect? | -Diffusion of responsibility -Fear of looking silly in ambiguous situations -Cost-benefit analysis -Feeling anonymous |
| What is conformity? | Changing your own views/behaviors to match other people |
| What does normative influence mean? | We want to fit in |
| What does informational influence mean? | We assume that others must be behaving the right way |
| Solomon Asch’s Classic Conformity Studies | People looked at two cards. One with one line and the other with 3. They were told to say the number of the line that looked the most similar to the one line. Members of the group lied and single student eventually conformed because he wanted to fit in. |
| Money Tree study | Showed both forms of conformity. People changed their behavior and assumed that others were doing the right thing. |
| Do groups reject those who do not conform? | Yes, groups DO reject those who do not conform |
| What factors reduce conformity? | -smaller groups -non united groups -Any disagreement from majority |
| What does obedience mean? | Following the orders of a person in authority |
| What did the Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Studies demonstrate? | Demonstrated that ordinary people do horrible things when told to do so by authority |
| What were some of the Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Studies? | The Stanford Prison Expiriment and the electrical shock expiriment |
| What were Milgram's original findings from his electrical shock study? | He found that 2/3 people went all the way |
| What percentage of participants were obedients at the 150 shock level? | 65% of participants were obedient at this shock level |
| What percentage of people went all the way? | 70% of people went all the way |
| Do opposites attract or do birds of a feather flock together? | Birds of a feather stick together |
| What is an example of secure attachement? | Being comfortable depending on others |
| What is an example of insecure-avoidant Attachement | Finding it difficult to allow yourself to depend on others |
| What is an example of insecure-Anxious Attachment? | Often worrying that your partner does not really love you |
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