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Chapter 9 psychology
chapter 9 only
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is language? | System of communication that uses signals and rules (grammar) to convey meaning. |
| What are phonemes? | smallest sound unit/ individual sounds (like “b” or “p”), the smallest unit of sound that can change the meaning of a word, Ex: "p" and "b" in pat and bat illustrate how phonemes work in language Used to distinguish one word from another such as pat and |
| What is morpheme? | smallest meaningful units of language (like “cat” or “-ed”), combined phonemes |
| What are phonological rules ? | Indicate how phonemes can be combined to form words |
| How does language organize phonemes and morphemes? | It uses syntax |
| What is syntax? | Rules for constructing phrases and sentences; how words form sentences |
| What are morphological rules? | Rules for how morphemes can be combined to form words |
| What is grammar? | The full set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combines to produced meaningful messages |
| What are content morphemes? | things and events Ex: cat, dog, take |
| What are function morphemes? | serve/show grammatical functions ex: and, but, or, when |
| What are syntactical rules? | Rules that indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences; must have one or more nouns and one or more verbs Ex: "dogs bark" |
| Overregularizing Grammatical Rules | Kids apply rules too broadly: “runned” instead of “ran.” |
| What is Telegraphic Speech? | short, simple sentences (like “more milk”) |
| What is fast mapping? | learning a new word after one hearing. |
| What is babbling? | babies repeat sounds before real words |
| What is Broca aphasia? | can understand, but can’t speak properly. |
| What is wernicke's aphasia? | can speak fluently, but words don’t make sense. |
| What are concepts? | mental category for similar things (like “dog”). |
| What are prototype? | best or most typical example (golden retriever for “dog”). |
| What is exemplar? | comparing new things to examples you already know |
| What is prototype theory? | compare new info to the “best” example. |
| What is exemplar theory? | compare new info to specific memories/examples. |
| Availability Heuristics | judge likelihood by how easily examples come to mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision. This heuristic operates on the notion that if something can be recalled easily, it must be important or more frequent than alternatives th |
| Representativeness Heuristics | judge by how much something looks like our idea of a typical example. For example, A hiring manager might reject a candidate with tattoos because they associate tattoos with unprofessionalism, even though the candidate's qualifications are excellent |
| What is Sunk-Cost Fallacy? | Keep doing something because you already invested time or money, even if it’s not worth it. |
| What are algorithms? | Step-by-step process that always gives a solution (like a recipe or math formula). |
| What is the framing effect? | The way information is worded changes decisions (“90% survive” sounds better than “10% die”). |
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