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Chapter 8 psychology
chapter 8 only
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are emotions? | Emotions are short-term feelings involving thoughts, body changes, and actions. |
| what is the valence of emotions? | how positive or negative a feeling is. |
| What is the arousal of emotions? | how energetic or intense the feeling is. |
| What is the James Lange theory of emotion? | That the body reacts first, emotion comes after (you're afraid because your heart races) |
| What is the cannon-bard theory of emotion? | That the body and emotion happen at the same time |
| What is the Schachter-singer (two- factor) theory of emotion? | That the body arousal tells you how much you feel, thoughts decide what you feel |
| What is the amygdala? | A brain structure that helps detect emotional importance of events (especially fear and threat) |
| What is the universality hypothesis of emotions? | Emotional facial expressions mean the same thing across all cultures (like happiness or fear) |
| Whatt was the Clark Hull and Drive Reduction Theory? | We act to reduce internal drives (like hunger or thirst) and return to balance. Internal motivation is the result of physiological responses need, the need produces a drive, behaviors are produced to reduce the need and, ultimately, the drive |
| What is the hypothalamus?What role does the hypothalamus play in motivation and emotion? | Brain part that controls body balance (homeostasis), hunger, thirst, and temperature. Keeps body balance (homeostasis); controls hunger, thirst, temperature, and arousal. |
| How do facial expressions show emotion? | 43 muscles allow 10,000+ expressions; people can identify about 20 emotions. |
| How does culture influence facial expressions? | Basic emotions are universal, but cultures have “display rules” about when to show them. |
| What is the facial feedback hypothesis? | Facial movements (like smiling) can make you feel that emotion more strongly. |
| What is homeostasis, and what does negative feedback mean? | Homeostasis keeps the body stable. Negative feedback stops a process once balance is reached (like stopping eating when full). |
| What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? | A pyramid of needs from basic to advanced: 1. Physiological, 2. Safety, 3. Love/Belonging, 4. Esteem, 5.Self-Actualization |
| What is intrinsic motivation? | doing something because you enjoy it. |
| What is extrinsic motivation? | doing something for a reward. |
| What is the overjustification effect? | Rewards can reduce natural motivation |
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