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Comprehensive Memory
Comprehensive Memory: Types, Processes, and Disorders in Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is memory | The capacity to learn, retain, and retrieve information. |
| What are the three stages of memory | Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval. |
| What is encoding in memory | The process of taking information from the world and converting it to memories. |
| What is storage in memory | The maintenance of information for later access. |
| What is retrieval in memory | The process of bringing to mind previously encoded and stored information. |
| How is memory characterized as constructive | We use inference to reconstruct events, and these beliefs can change our memories. |
| What is post-event misinformation | Misremembering information provided after an event as part of the original event. |
| What are source monitoring errors | Mistakes made when recalling the source of a memory, leading to false memories. |
| What is imagination inflation | A boost in confidence associated with imagining misleading information. |
| What does Fuzzy-Trace Theory propose | It differentiates between gist memory (general aspects) and verbatim memory (specific details). |
| What is gist memory | The general global aspects of an event, which are highly durable and long-lasting. |
| What is verbatim memory | The specific details of an event. |
| What is the Serial Position Curve | A phenomenon where recall varies based on the position of items in a study list. |
| What is the primacy effect | The tendency to remember items at the beginning of a list better due to extra rehearsal |
| What is the recency effect | The tendency to remember the last items from a list, as they are still available in short-term memory |
| What is the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) False Memory Paradigm | A method used to study false memories through lists of related words |
| What is the sensory register | A memory system that holds sensory information for milliseconds to seconds |
| What is iconic memory | A rapidly decaying store of visual sensory information, lasting about 1/3 of a second |
| What is echoic memory | A rapidly decaying store of auditory sensory information, lasting 2-10 seconds |
| What is short-term memory | A memory system where information can be held briefly, from seconds to less than a minute |
| What is the typical capacity of short-term memory | About seven (7 +/- 2) chunks of information, though current consensus suggests around four items |
| What is chunking in memory | The process of grouping stimuli together to increase the amount of information stored in short-term memory |
| What is working memory | The manipulation of information in memory, involving how many items can be juggled and manipulated |
| What is attentional control in memory | A crucial element that allows for the retrieval of information from working memory (WM) and storage in long-term memory (LTM) |
| What is long-term memory | A memory system where information can be held for hours to many years and potentially a lifetime, allowing for retrieval even after it recedes from consciousness |
| What characterizes amnesia | Amnesia is characterized by largely intact short-term memory (STM) but severely impaired long-term memory (LTM), often resulting from damage to the hippocampus or medial temporal lobe |
| What is anterograde amnesia | A type of amnesia where individuals cannot transfer new information from short-term to long-term memory, preventing the formation of new memories |
| What is retrograde amnesia | A type of amnesia where individuals cannot recall events that occurred prior to brain trauma, often preserving older memories better than recent ones |
| Who is Henry Molaison (H.M.) and what is significant about his case | H.M. had his hippocampus removed to treat epilepsy, resulting in the inability to form new memories while retaining intelligence and short-term memory |
| What is Clive Wearing known for in the study of memory | Clive Wearing suffers from severe retrograde and anterograde amnesia due to herpesviral encephalitis, demonstrating the effects of memory loss. |
| What is affective conditioning | A form of conditioning where a previously neutral stimulus acquires positive or negative value, as illustrated by a patient who hesitated to shake hands after a painful experience |
| What are the two types of long-term memory | Explicit memory, which involves intentional and conscious remembering, and implicit memory, which occurs without intentional recollection or awareness |
| What is explicit memory | A form of memory that involves conscious recollection, including declarative memory, episodic memory, and semantic memory. |
| What is episodic memory | The explicit recollection of personal experiences, such as remembering what you had for lunch yesterday, mediated by the hippocampus. |
| What is semantic memory | A type of explicit memory that supports knowledge about the world, including facts and concepts, mediated by the lateral and anterior temporal lobes |
| What is implicit memory | A form of memory that occurs without intentional recollection, often associated with skills and habits, and usually spared in amnesia |
| What is procedural memory | A type of implicit memory related to the acquisition of skills, such as riding a bike, which can be learned without conscious awareness |
| What is priming in memory | The increased fluency in processing a stimulus due to previous exposure, which can be perceptual or conceptual |
| What does the levels of processing theory suggest | It suggests that memory encoding can occur at multiple levels, ranging from shallow (based on sensory characteristics) to deep (based on meaning) |
| What is the encoding specificity principle | The principle stating that retrieval is most effective when the context during retrieval matches the context during encoding. |
| What is state-dependent retrieval | The phenomenon where the likelihood of remembering is increased when a person is in the same state during both encoding and retrieval |
| What is infantile amnesia | The inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories from the first few years of life, despite children being able to remember events from before age 3 or 4. |
| What is the reminiscence bump | A period of significant memory formation that occurs between adolescence and early adulthood, often associated with major life experiences |
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