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Sensory & Perception
Sensory and Perception Processes in Vision and Animal Kingdom
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sensation | The process by which our sensory organs receive stimulus energies from the environment and transduce them into the neural code. |
| Transduction | The translation of energy from the environment into neural impulses. |
| Perception | The processing of sensory information to construct a mental representation of something out in the world. |
| Wavelength | The distance between any two consecutive crests or troughs of a wave. |
| Frequency | The number of cycles per second. |
| Amplitude | The height of the crests of a wave. |
| Color purity/saturation | Relates to how many different wavelengths comprise the light. |
| Iris | The colored muscle circling the pupil that can increase or decrease the size of the pupil. |
| Accommodation | Adjustments of the lens's thickness by specialized muscles in order to change the degree to which it bends light. |
| Retina | A surface on the back of the eye that contains the photoreceptor cells, which contain photopigments that are sensitive to light. |
| Binocular cues | Depth information gathered from the separation between an individual's two eyes. |
| Perceptual set | A predisposition that influences what we perceive based on recent experience or context. |
| Sensory interactions | The integration of various sensory systems to create a unified perceptual experience. |
| Hierarchical processing | The process that produces a complete perceptual experience by organizing sensory information. |
| Umwelt | An organism's model of the world. |
| Cornea | The transparent covering at the front of the eye. |
| Pupil | A hole in the iris where light enters the eye. |
| Lens | A membrane at the front of the eye that focuses the incoming light on the retina. |
| Nearsightedness | Involves faraway objects being projected too far in front of the fovea. |
| Farsightedness | Involves a near object overshooting the back of the eye, behind the fovea. |
| Rod | Photoreceptor cell that primarily supports nighttime vision. |
| Cone | Photoreceptor cell that is responsible for high-resolution color vision. |
| Fovea | A small pit in the center of the retina that is densely packed with cones. |
| Ratio of rods to cones | 20:1 |
| Cones | Photoreceptors in the retina that have higher acuity (sharpness and specificity). |
| Rods | Photoreceptors in the retina that have higher sensitivity and can operate in lower light. |
| Optic nerve | A bundle of axons that converge from the retina and transmit action potentials to the brain. |
| Blind spot | An area in the middle of the visual field where there are no photoreceptors and no information can be received. |
| Optic chiasm | The point where visual information travels along the optic nerve and crosses to the opposite side of the brain. |
| Hierarchical analysis | The process by which the brain organizes and processes data received from the retina. |
| Low-Level Processing | The initial stage of perceptual processing involving basic features like lines, angles, hue, and brightness. |
| High-Level Processing | The stage of perceptual processing where recognizable percepts are matched with stored conceptual knowledge. |
| Feature detectors | Specialized cells in the visual cortex that respond to basic features such as lines, edges, and angles. |
| Visual association cortex | Regions of the brain where objects are reconstructed from prior knowledge and information collected by feature detectors. |
| Prosopagnosia | A visual disorder in which individuals are unable to recognize the identity of faces. |
| Ventral stream | The pathway in the brain responsible for processing 'what' information, including recognizing objects and faces. |
| Dorsal stream | The pathway in the brain responsible for processing 'where' information, including determining location and perceiving movement. |
| Phi phenomenon | A visual illusion in which the flashing of separate images in rapid succession is perceived as fluid movement. |
| Monocular cues | Depth information that can be gathered by only one eye, such as relative size, relative height, interposition, linear perspective, and relative motion. |
| Binocular disparity | The magnitude of difference between the images projected on an individual's two eyes. |
| Gestalt Principles | Principles by which the visual system organizes incoming data and recognizes objects. |
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skyfalls
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